Whats a Good SAT Literature Subject Test Score

What SAT Literature Subject Test score you need to get into a top college or to earn college credit will vary from school to school. The mean score in 2016 was a 599, significantly higher than the mean score on the general SAT reading section. The table at the bottom of the page shows the correlation between Literature SAT scores and the percentile ranking of students who took the exam. For example, 61 percent of students scored a 660 or below on the exam.  While no such tool exists for the Literature exam, you can use this  free calculator from Cappex  to learn your chances of getting into specific colleges based on your GPA and general SAT scores. SAT Subject Test scores arent comparable to general SAT scores because the subject tests tend to be taken by a higher percentage of high-achieving students than the SAT. Whereas a large number of colleges and universities require SAT or ACT scores, mostly elite and highly selective schools require SAT Subject Test scores. As a result, the average scores for SAT Subject Tests are significantly higher than those for the regular SAT. For the SAT Literature Subject Test, Compare, for example, the mean score of 599 on the Literature Subject Test with a mean score of about 500 for the regular SAT critical reading section. Its also worth noting that the mean score on the Literature subject test has been edging upward in recent years--it is over 30 points higher than it was just two years ago. Most colleges do not publicize their SAT Subject Test admissions data. However, for elite colleges you will ideally have scores in the 700s. Here are what a few colleges say about the SAT Subject Tests: Middlebury College: We are accustomed to seeing ... SAT IIs that range from the low to middle 700s (from Middlebury admission FAQs)Williams College: For the class of 2021, 51 percent of students scored between 750 and 800 for evidence-based reading and writing; 31 percent scored between 690 and 740; 15 percent scored between 630 and 680; 3 percent scored below 630 (from the Williams class of 2021 profile) As this limited data shows, a strong application will usually have SAT Subject Test scores in the 700s. Realize, however, that all elite schools have a holistic admissions process, and significant strengths in other areas can make up for a less-than-ideal test score. For course credit and placement in Literature, the SAT Literature Subject Test is rarely used. Some colleges will use it to assess the college-readiness of home-schooled students, but for course placement AP exams are used far more frequently. Data source for the chart below: the College Board website. Literature SAT Subject Test Scores and Percentiles SAT Literature SubjectTest Score Percentile 800 99 780 96 760 93 740 88 720 81 700 75 680 68 660 61 640 54 620 49 600 42 580 38 560 33 540 29 520 25 500 23 480 19 460 16 440 14 420 10 400 7 In general, Advanced Placement exams are better than SAT subject tests in assessing an applicants college readiness in an academic discipline. Nevertheless, both AP and SAT can play a positive role in your application process by demonstrating your mastery of a subject area. While an A in a high school literature class can mean something different at different high schools, a 750 on the literature SAT subject test convincingly shows that an applicant has mastered a range of ideas and concepts related to literary study.

Realism In Life In The Iron Mills - 1604 Words

Life in the Iron Mills is a novella that is hard to classify as a specific genre. The genre that fits the most into this novella is realism, because of the separation of classes, the hard work that a person has to put into their every day life to try and make a difference, and the way society influences the actions of people and their relationships. However, no matter what genre is specifically chosen, there will be other genres present that contradict the genre of choice. While the novella shows romanticism, naturalism, and realism, this essay is specifically centered around realism. The ultimate theme in Rebecca Davis’ Life in the Iron Mills is the separation of classes and gender. It is the separation of classes when the people in the†¦show more content†¦She continues on to describe that the mill is divided into by shifts, a group of workers come in for a while and work, and then another group comes in and relieves that group. The point of this quote is to demons trate that many people are unaware of what really goes on inside the mill, even though they live in a manufacturing town. Davis goes into detail about what the mill is like. â€Å"Fire in every horrible form: pits of flame waving in the wind: liquid metal-flames writhing in tortuous streams through the sand; wide caldrons filled with boiling fire, over which bent ghastly wretches stirring the strange brewing; and through all, crowds of half-clad man, looking like revengeful ghosts in the red light, hurried, throwing masses of glittering fire. It was like a street in Hell.† (Davis 1225) It is important to remember that the novella shows realism, but it also has a case of romanticism that backs up the realism efforts. The romanticism is displayed through her descriptive view of the Mill, where most that live in the manufacturing town do not realize how strenuous and horrid the working conditions are like. Hugh and Deborah have an interesting relationship, because of their interesting relationship it exemplifies realism perfectly. Their relationship could be seen as a one sided deal, because of the way Deb feels for Hugh, she is willing to do whatever she can to make him happy, even if that means bringing himShow MoreRelatedThe Reception And Influence Of Rebecca Harding Davis2118 Words   |  9 Pagescareer, Davis wrote an innumerable amount of works advocating for equal rights among all people, right up until her death in 1910. The following paper will analyze and discuss the reception and influence that Rebecca Harding Davis’s works of literary realism had on the hierarchy of society, in relation to class, from the nineteenth century to the present. Furthermore, Davis’s own personal experiences will also be discussed that influenced her to write in acts of defiance towards negative influences. 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With Britain creating over half of its iron and cotton goods and two thirds of itsRead MoreAdvertisement Is Not A Recent Human Attempt903 Words   |  4 PagesAdvertisement is not a recent human attempt; it existed throughout the revolutions of humankind. In ancient civilizations, stone carving, wall-printing, and oral noticing were the most common form of advertising. Egyptian Pharaohs used carved iron plates for public notices. Archaeologists in Thebes, Egypt discovered a 3000 year old public advertisement that offered a reward for runaway slave. Old Greeks employed wall-paintings for theater play ads, and papyr us sheets to advertise lost and found itemsRead MoreHow Advertising Is Not A Recent Human Discovery965 Words   |  4 PagesAdvertisement is not a recent human discovery, but rather it has been around for a very long time. In ancient civilizations, stone carving, wall-painting, and oral noticing were the most common forms of advertising. Egyptian Pharaohs used carved iron plates for public notices. For instance, archaeologists in Thebes, Egypt, discovered a 3000 year old public advertisement that offered a reward for a runaway slave. Old Greeks used wall-paintings to showcase ads about theatrical productions, and papyrusRead MoreChapter 23-25 Notes for Ap Us History6413 Words   |  26 Pagesin 1895. The Wilson-Gorman Tariff caused the Democrats to lose positions in Congress, giving the Republicans an advantage. Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Harrison, and Cleveland were known as the forgettable presidents. Chapter 24 The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse Due to the expansion of the country, many new railroads were built. Congress began to advance liberal money loans to 2 favored cross-continent companies in 1862 in response to the fact that transcontinental railroad construction wasRead MoreAnalysis Of George Eliot s The 2831 Words   |  12 Pagesof Provincial Life is a novel by English author George Eliot, first published in eight instalments during 1871. The novel is set in the fictitious Midlands town of Middlemarch during 1829–32, and it comprises several distinct stories and a large cast of characters. Significant themes include the status of women, the nature of marriage, idealism, self-interest, religion, hypocrisy, political reform, and education. Although containing comical elements, Middlemarch is a work of realism that refers toRead MoreBackground Inditex, One of the Worlds Largest Fashion Distributors, Has Eight Major Sales Formats - Zara, Pull and Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho, Zara Home Y Kiddys Class- with 3.147 Stores in 70100262 Words   |  402 Pagesresearch and writing, but who has also been a rich source of advice and inspiration when it comes to many other aspects in life ranging from teaching to parenting. Thank you Hà ¥kan; for your support and for always having a good perspective on what is important in life. A large part of my research was carried out within the realm of the FLIPP research programme (Furthering Life Cycle Considerations through Integrated Product Policy). I am grateful to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency for fundingRead MoreHistory of Ife/Modekeke Crisis4543 Words   |  19 Pagesfall of the Oyo Empire, the Oyos started settling among the Ifes in 1834. As the Romans of old, they were soldier-farmers. They were hardy as soldiers and industrious as farmers. Having lost all their possessions in their hasty flight, they started life in Ife by doing menial jobs to enable them eke out a living. The reigning Ooni of Ife, Oba Akinmoyero was said to have received them well. They started growing and producing different types of food crops on farmlands given to them by their hosts. A

World War I And Conditions Of Women Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the World War I And Conditions Of Women. Answer: Introduction This report is based on the society and condition of women in US during First World War period. Men and women were never given an equal right in the society. Women experience a different social position and right every time. But the First World War has changed the scenario a lot. They were forced to change their working role which created a lot of opportunities as well as challenges. A description of the said scenario is depicted here. Thesis statement: Opportunities and challenges for women during the First World War. Questions and Answers. 1.What new opportunities and challenges did women face during World War I? World War I came with a lot of challenges for women and they were mainly in the social and economic front. Most of the men of the country were involved in war front leaving women with all house hold duties including household economic grounds (Dumenil, 2017). They were forced to carry out male tasks like running busses, being conductors and other masculine works. There was an increased level of unemployment among female servants due the middle class familys wish of saving money. There was a little bit of help from the government sectors with an announcement of engagement of female workers in mutinition factories and in farming works but they were forced to work in low wages. This announcement also reflected a bit of opportunities since it provided with a scope to showcase working skills but the scopes were very less in number (Grayzel, 2014). Moreover, women were forced to work in dangerous working conditions which were life risking at times. Government subsidies were provided to the families with their male heads being engaged in the war activities named as separation subsidies. But the subsidies were small in amount and never can be enough for running a house hold. Again, there was said to be a social misuse of women in the name of dignity protection. They used to get slut shamed for every third normal steps. 2.Where did women work before, during and after World War I? Working women culture was not an introduction of World War I and female force used to consist of important part of paid and skilled working force. They used to work in the industrial sectors, textile sectors, banking sectors mostly. World War I has introduced them to the police departments and transportation departments (Maier, 2015). Record says that the first women police officer started serving during the First World War. Again female drivers, conductors also came into existence in that period. The period witnessed a major force of women working in the munition department (Zerach, Greene Solomon, 2015). With a maximized demand of arms and related products, women used to work in lots of government firms who were involved in arms production. There were life risks. There was a certain scope of showcasing talent also. Lots of female workers were also recorded in the farming sector. With an increase in the demand for food products, there was an increases need workers in that sectors a nd mostly female workers used to get engaged here. But these work opportunities decreased with war ending (Phillips, 2016). But again the fashion industry witnessed a growth and also was an increase in popularity of football and other games and basically of female teams. There was seen an inclination toward these sectors with the completion of World War. 3.In what three ways was society changed by Womens role in the First World War Three ways in which the society changed by womens role in the First World War can be stated like: Women were started being given equal education rights like a man. In contrast to the minimum education facility given to woman, they are now allowed for higher education in colleges and universities (Pearce, 2016). Secondly, job opportunities have started growing for women. In spite of only remaining involved in higher activities, women have started going out and doing job which really showcase their skills (Proctor, 2016). Thirdly, they were given voting rights. Women were never given the right of involvement in political activities. But the post world war period marked a change and with right of higher education and improved thinking process and after being a major source of help in the war periods, this one of a major change was witnessed by US society. Conclusion It can be concluded from the report that there was a change in the condition of women during the First World War. They were forced to undertake masculine kind of works. They were also being exposed to life risks from earning a livelihood for themselves and their families. But some positive changes can also be encountered during this stage. Women have acquired voting right. They become more open for higher education and being self dependent. References Dumenil, L. (2017).The Second Line of Defense: American Women and World War I. UNC Press Books. Grayzel, S. R. (2014).Women's identities at war: Gender, motherhood, and politics in Britain and France during the First World War. UNC Press Books. Maier, C. S. (2015).Recasting bourgeois Europe: stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the decade after World War I. Princeton University Press. Pearce, E. (2016).The Golden Talking-Shop: The Oxford Union Debates Empire, World War, Revolution, and Women. Oxford University Press. Phillips, K. (2016).Manipulating Masculinity: War and Gender in Modern British and American Literature. Springer. Proctor, T. M. (2016). TOTAL WAR Family, Community, and Identity during the First World War.The Oxford Handbook of European History, 1914-1945. Zerach, G., Greene, T., Solomon, Z. (2015). Secondary traumatization and self-rated health among wives of former prisoners of war: The moderating role of marital adjustment.Journal of Health Psychology,20(2), 222-235.

The Crusades Essays - 2nd Millennium, Christianization, Crusades

The Crusades The crusades were military expeditions launched against the Muslims by the Christians in an attempt to regain the Holy Land. They took place between 1095 A.D. and 1270 A.D. It was one of the most violent periods in the history of mankind. The starting point of the crusades was on November 18, 1095 A.D. when Pope Urban II opened the Council of Clermont. On November 27, outside the French city of Clermont-Ferrand, the Pope made an important speech . He called upon everyone to help the Christians in the east to restore peace. The crowd's response was very positive. Garments were cut into crosses which were attached to people's shoulders in an imitation of Christ (Matthew 10:38).(1) The original object of the First Crusade was to help Christian churches in the east. The new goal became to free the Holy Land from Muslim control, especially Jerusalem. Pope Urban II stayed in France until September 1096 to provide leadership and guidance for the members of the First Crusade. He urged churchmen to preach the cross in France. Urban wanted the crusading army to be mostly made up of knights and other military personnel. Since the news of his speech at Clermont spread through the west, people from all social classes and occupations joined the Crusade. As a result of Urban losing control of personnel, violence was launched against the Jews of northern France. This violence was mostly instigated by bands of the urban and rural poor led by men like Peter the Hermit and Walter Sans-Avoir. These groups lacked supplies and discipline. They attempted to reach Coneztinople but most of them never got that far. The leaders in lands which they passed through were frightened and killed many of the crusading bands. Some did get to Coneztinople and traveled across the Bosphorus in August 1096. There they split into two groups. One tried to overtake Nicaea and was unsuccessful. The other was ambushed and slaughtered near Civetot in October. The remaining crusaders retreated to Coneztinople and joined the second wave of the Crusade. The crusaders were eager to start the journey to Jerusalem but they needed to capture the Anatolian Turkish capital of Nicaea first because it blocked the road that would be their main supply route. It was held by Seljuk Turks. In May 1097, the crusaders attacked Nicaea. The Turks realized that they were defeated and agreed to give the city to the Byzantines in exchange for the lives of their men. The Byzantines agreed to this and on June 18, Nicaea was under Byzantine control. The leaders of the crusade disagreed and wanted to slaughter the Turks because they were enemies of Christ.(2) On June 30, 1097, the crusaders were ambushed at the city of Dorylaeum by Seljuk Turks led by Kilij Arslam the Seljuk Sultan. The fight continued until July 1. The crusaders won a big victory and nearly wiped out the Turkish force. This victory opened up the way to Anatolia. The crusaders attacked Anitoch in northern Syria on October 21, 1097. "This was the main obstacle on the road to Jerusalem."(3) In a long and gruesome battle, the city finally fell on June 2, 1098. The crusaders were quickly attacked by a new Turkish army from Al Mawsil. They arrived too late to revive Anitoch's Turkish defenders and they were forced to retreat on June 28. The starting date for the march to Jerusalem was set for November 1, 1098 but was delayed by an epidemic as well as fighting to the south of Anitoch. On January 13, 1099 the commander-in-chief, Count Raymond IV of Toulouse, led the crusaders' march to Jerusalem. They avoided attacks on cities to conserve forces. In May 1099 they reached the northern border of Palestine. On June 7 they camped on the summit of a hill where they could see Jerusalem. Many soldiers had tears of joy on that day. The hill was named Montjoie. Jerusalem was well fortified and only vulnerable from the north and the southwest. On June 13 they tried to storm Jerusalem but were driven back because of insufficient supplies. Extreme heat and a water shortage lowered morale. A priest called Peter Desiderius told them that if they fasted and held

The Power of Story - A Game for Adult Students

The Power of Story - A Game for Adult Students Ideal Size Up to 20. Divide larger groups. Use For Introductions in the classroom or at a meeting where the topic would be enriched by the sharing of personal stories. This exercise gives everyone a chance to share their story  and helps you manage storytelling later. Time Needed Depends on the number of people and the time you allow for personal stories. Materials Needed Nothing, but you must communicate with participants beforehand. They will need to bring a personal item related to your topic. Instructions Send your students an email or letter prior to their arrival at your class or meeting and ask them to bring a personal item that is somehow related to the topic you will be discussing. When it’s time for students to introduce themselves, explain that you want to recognize and honor the life experiences and wisdom they bring to your classroom. Ask them to give their name, present the item they brought, and, in a minute or two, tell the group the story behind that item. Why did they choose it?What special memory does it elicit for them?What is its significance given your topic? Debrief Ask for a few volunteers to share any surprises they experienced as people shared their stories. Did anyone’s item and story cause them to think differently about your topic? The Heros Journey is so important in the understanding of story. Make sure your students are familiar with its elements.

Best Chemistry Quotes

Best Chemistry Quotes This is a collection of chemistry quotes, relating to the science of chemistry or quotations from chemists about chemistry. Marie Curie â€Å"Scientist believe in things, not in persons† Robert B. Laughlin I also taught myself how to blow glass using a propane torch from the hardware store and managed to make some elementary chemistry plumbing such as tees and small glass bulbs. Roald Hoffmann I am a teacher, and I am proud of it. At Cornell University I have taught primarily undergraduates, and indeed almost every year since 1966 have taught first-year general chemistry. James W. Black I did help to set up an undergraduate course in medicinal chemistry and made progress in modeling and analyzing pharmacological activity at the tissue level, my new passion. Michael Polanyi And the actual achievements of biology are explanations in terms of mechanisms founded on physics and chemistry, which is not the same thing as explanations in terms of physics and chemistry. William Standish Knowles At Harvard, I majored in chemistry with a strong inclination toward math. Kenichi Fukui But the nature of my main work in chemistry can be better represented by more than 280 English publications, of which roughly 200 concern the theory of chemical reactions and related subjects. Adam Sandler Chemistry can be a good and bad thing. Chemistry is good when you make love with it. Chemistry is bad when you make crack with it. Frederick Soddy Chemistry has been termed by the physicist as the messy part of physics, but that is no reason why the physicists should be permitted to make a mess of chemistry when they invade it. Dennis Rodman Chemistry is a class you take in high school or college, where you figure out two plus two is 10, or something. Kenichi Fukui Chemistry itself knows altogether too well that - given the real fear that the scarcity of global resources and energy might threaten the unity of mankind - chemistry is in a position to make a contribution towards securing a true peace on earth. Antonio Perez Digital imaging is as much about chemistry as it is about semiconductors. Rudolph A. Marcus During my McGill years, I took a number of math courses, more than other students in chemistry. Tony Wilson Every band needs its own special chemistry. And Bez was a very good chemist. Donald Cram Few scientists acquainted with the chemistry of biological systems at the molecular level can avoid being inspired. Richard Ernst However, I survived and started to read all chemistry books that I could get a hand on, first some 19th century books from our home library that did not provide much reliable information, and then I emptied the rather extensive city library. John Pople I abandoned chemistry to concentrate on mathematics and physics. In 1942, I travelled to Cambridge to take the scholarship examination at Trinity College, received an award and entered the university in October 1943. Sydney Brenner I also became interested in chemistry and gradually accumulated enough test tubes and other glassware to do chemical experiments, using small quantities of chemicals purchased from a pharmacy supply house. Knute Rockne I enjoy talking to my football men and my chemistry classes and I feel sure that they are quite interested in what I have to say. Steve Blake I fell in love with Scotland and made good friends here, so I stayed after graduating with Honours in Chemistry. John Tesh I grew up wanting to be a musician, but my parents were sure I would starve to death. So, they put me in physics and chemistry. That eventually blew up, and I got into radio. Robert Huber I learned easily and had time to follow my inclination for sports (light athletics and skiing) and chemistry, which I taught myself by reading all textbooks I could get. Maya Lin I really enjoyed hanging out with some of the teachers. This one chemistry teacher, she liked hanging out. I liked making explosives. We would stay after school and blow things up. Martin Lewis Perl I was also interested in chemistry, but my parents were not willing to buy me a chemistry set. George Andrew Olah I was invited to join the newly established Central Chemical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1954 and was able to establish a small research group in organic chemistry, housed in temporary laboratories of an industrial research institute. Burton Richter In 1948 I entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, undecided between studies of chemistry and physics, but my first year convinced me that physics was more interesting to me. John E. Walker In 1960, I went to St. Catherines College, Oxford, and received the B.A. degree in Chemistry in 1964. Jon Postel In a chemistry class there was a guy sitting in front of me doing what looked like a jigsaw puzzle or some really weird kind of thing. He told me he was writing a computer program. Paul D. Boyer In marked contrast to the University of Wisconsin, Biochemistry was hardly visible at Stanford in 1945, consisting of only two professors in the chemistry department. James Rainwater In my schooling through high school, I excelled mainly in chemistry, physics and mathematics. Jack Steinberger In the evenings I studied chemistry at the University of Chicago, the weekends I helped in the family store. George E. Brown, Jr. Industrial opportunities are going to stem more from the biological sciences than from chemistry and physics. I see biology as being the greatest area of scientific breakthroughs in the next generation. Wilhelm Ostwald It has pleased no less than surprised me that of the many studies whereby I have sought to extend the field of general chemistry, the highest scientific distinction that there is today has been awarded for those on catalysis. H. L. Mencken It is now quite lawful for a Catholic woman to avoid pregnancy by a resort to mathematics, though she is still forbidden to resort to physics or chemistry. Edward Thorndike Just as the science and art of agriculture depend upon chemistry and botany, so the art of education depends upon physiology and psychology. John Pople Leaving England was a painful decision, and we still have some regrets about it. However, at that time, the research environment for theoretical chemistry was clearly better in the U.S. Auguste Comte Men are not allowed to think freely about chemistry and biology: why should they be allowed to think freely about political philosophy? Camille Paglia Modern bodybuilding is ritual, religion, sport, art, and science, awash in Western chemistry and mathematics. Defying nature, it surpasses it. Kenneth G. Wilson My father was on the faculty in the Chemistry Department of Harvard University; my mother had one year of graduate work in physics before her marriage. Geoffrey Wilkinson My first introduction to chemistry came at a quite early age through my mothers elder brother. Rudolph A. Marcus My interest in the sciences started with mathematics in the very beginning, and later with chemistry in early high school and the proverbial home chemistry set. Michael Polanyi No inanimate object is ever fully determined by the laws of physics and chemistry. Thomas Huxley Nothing can be more incorrect than the assumption one sometimes meets with, that physics has one method, chemistry another, and biology a third. Johannes P. Muller Physiology is the science which treats of the properties of organic bodies, animal and vegetable, of the phenomena they present, and of the laws which govern their actions. Inorganic substances are the objects of other sciences, - physics and chemistry. Paul Berg That work led to the emergence of the recombinant DNA technology thereby providing a major tool for analyzing mammalian gene structure and function and formed the basis for me receiving the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Peter Hook The chemistry involved made everything Factory did quite special. Derek Harold Richard Barton The first serious applications were in triterpenoid chemistry. Paul Dirac The fundamental laws necessary for the mathematical treatment of a large part of physics and the whole of chemistry are thus completely known, and the difficulty lies only in the fact that application of these laws leads to equations that are too complex to be solved. Charles Babbage To those who have chosen the profession of medicine, a knowledge of chemistry, and of some branches of natural history, and, indeed, of several other departments of science, affords useful assistance. Jeremy Rifkin We were making the first step out of the age of chemistry and physics, and into the age of biology. Tim Hardaway You have to look at how chemistry develops. Johannes Vilhelm Jensen The grounding in natural sciences which I obtained in the course of my medical studies, including preliminary examinations in botany, zoology, physics, and chemistry, was to become decisive in determining the trend of my literary work. Dixie Lee Ray The organic material, as the laws of chemistry state, can neither be created nor destroyed.

Corporate Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Corporate Risk Management - Essay Example Unfortunately such high degree of risks can bring negative impact on the profitability as well as to the future success of the organizations. So to protect from such bad consequences it is essential for such organization as soon as possible to find an appropriate solution so that they could handle or manage risks in better way which in otherwise could bring catastrophe to them. So a desirable solution is through applying appropriate sets of procedures or policies at proper intervals. Risk management is one such effective strategy that to a great extent can minimize or reduce various types of risks that an organization has to face while carrying out its operations. By adopting such strategy an organization can ensure its better success and growth in the future. Viewing this importance the paper attempts to describe what is risk management or risk management decisions, the direct and indirect costs and benefits of risk management decisions to an organization and how they can be measure d. Risk management or risk management decisions are a logical process that aims at eliminating or minimizing the level of risk pertained to any business operations. In other words it can be told as a series of process that comprises of identifying, analyzing, and implementing necessary steps so as to minimize or eliminate the exposures to risk of loss that are to be faced by an organization. The practice of risk management makes use of number of tools and techniques, and also the concept of insurance, in order to manage the different types of risks. The duty of carrying out the process of risk management is entrusted to the concerned department of corporate risk management, who firstly identifies what are the various potential sources that cause to trouble, after identifying the corporate risk managers analyzes each of the sources carefully and then finally after analyzing they take precautionary measures or steps to overcome from such exposure of losses. The term risk management is known to be a "relatively a recent evolution of the concept to insurance management" (Sullivan, 2009, P. 452). The concept risk management that comprises of broader scope of activities and responsibilities than what the insurance management actually dealt with. The uses of Risk management was initially applied by the organizations to protect from various physical threats which occurs while carrying out their operations such as theft, fire, flood, legal liability, disability, employee injuries, car accidents, and many which otherwise took number of years to protect themselves from such risks and in turn which would bring barriers to their day-to-day operations and profitability. It was seen as the 20th century ended; the activities of risk management were much more expanded to the areas of financial risks such as interest rates, exchange rates, and now e-Commerce. As mentioned earlier risk management as a process risk management involves several series of steps where the concerned corporate risk management department of an organization identifies, analyzes, treats and monitors the risks which are involved in carry out their any business operations (Culp, 2001). These entire processes were carried out by the organizatio

The Exodus and Yahwehs Relationship with the Hebrews Essay

The Exodus and Yahwehs Relationship with the Hebrews - Essay Example This was instrumental in the creation of the country of Israel. The Zionist movement derived its inspiration from the Exodus that is described in the Old Testament of The Holy Bible. This then becomes the point in history that provided the Jews with an incident to look up to and a precedent to live up to. This paper shall look at the different aspects of this historical connection and the relationship that Yahweh had with the Hebrews. According to Rabbi Irving Greenberg, the main aspect of the importance of the Exodus is the fact that it can be connected to the modern secular concept of upliftment. The Jewish idea of liberation from Exodus can be applied, according to him, to the modern concepts of economics that seek to look at development and justice for the poor and the weak. This is exactly what God had attempted to do during the Exodus. The Exodus had provided an opportunity for the poor and the weak to migrate from a tyrannical Egypt to the Promised Land where they could then a ttain a standard of living that would be humane and just. The idea of justice is thus, what God promises in return for faith. Greenberg’s ideas are a bit far-fetched in as much as they equate faith and economics. However, it is also true that the ideas of empowerment of the weak are present in both modern economics and the ideas of religious justice. The Exodus is remembered in present times through acting out the exodus in one’s own life.... In this sense, the exodus has a greater significance. It can also be seen in a metaphorical sense whereby the exodus becomes a movement for personal fulfillment and personal empowerment. This then also becomes for the Jews of the present, a call to create a better world. It becomes a call to utopia in the world, in the way that the God of the Old Testament envisaged it. The collective action of the Exodus is then looked upon using the lens of personal religious involvement. The conflation of the personal and the religious then becomes an important part of the observance of the remembrance of the Exodus. Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, during the Exodus, made it clear that he would provide protection to them during their movement from Egypt to the land that he had promised them (Berit). This concept of the protection of Yahweh always being present is then an important part of the life of a Jew even in present times. The basis of the Zionist movement has remained this implicit faith in the protection that would be offered by god to the people who have faith in him. The people who migrated to what is today known as Israel too had in them this faith. They were confident of the promise that Yahweh had made to them. Their identity was based largely upon this promise and this bound all Jews into one group. This then has been instrumental in the creation of an identity for the Jews of modern times in different parts of the world. The importance of this lies in the fact that a moment in history that had passed much earlier is held up as important for the creation of the identity of a later generation. The religious significance of the Exodus and the relationship between the Hebrews and Yahweh lies in the bond that is created between

Classical and Positive Theory Essay Example for Free

Classical and Positive Theory Essay Classical Philosophy emphasizes on human rationality and freedom. Some classical writings are written by Plato, Aristotle, Boethius and St. Thomas of Aquinas. These writers of the ancient and medieval school are still relevant to the philosophical thoughts of today. Nation begins to turn from feudalism and the modern world based its governance on rational decision making. Classical thinking also compels justice system to give varying degrees of swift punishment to offenders. Classical school of rational thoughts believes that suffering is an integral part of human existence and since man is ordained the highest among the created things he is lord over them which means that what controls man is his free own will. His freedom is based on the fear of pain and death or punishment which makes him control his behavior. Since man is free it means free to choose what is good as dictated by the moral norms and the authority governing its people. In this way, the State ought to enforce law in an organized and equitable way. Being free does not intend to do what one wishes to do but choosing what is right. It’s relevance in today’s happening is the way how truth is safeguarded in this present society in which sometimes sins becomes a virtue. The classical minded protagonist’s defended and defined what is rational and irrational; it distinguishes the upright conscience from the deformed and seemingly lax consciences. Man is therefore relegated to its higher end and in the belief that life is worthwhile. 2) Positivist Theory What factors contributed to the intellectual heritage of positivism? How does the positivist theory apply in the modern world today, if at all? Positive theory is a search of multiple factors that causes human behavior (CLASSICAL AND POSITIVIST SCHOOLS OF CRIMINOLOGY, 2005). Positivism is a way of seeing things around us based on the actual happenings in the material world. That human endeavor has a pattern in which a person can discover in the natural way. Once the patterns are discovered we can deduce the information into small portions where we can analyze and learn the facts about the whole thing. The method of learning is perceived objectively, open minded view to the world. Positive law can be used to change an organization based on the observable scientific data. The application of natural sciences is applied to the study of human behavior. Positive theory as applied in the modern world could be environmental and biological and sometimes evolutionary which means that traits can be passed on through heredity. A positivist’s judge rejects the idea that criminal behavior is a result of free will but sought the understanding of the bad action through scientific method. However some psychologists believed that we could diminish the criminal populace by partial elimination which advocates death for those with permanent psychological abnormalities. The first indicates that man is not responsible of his action and the later concept is contrary to the moral norms and is not acceptable to a humane and free society. References CLASSICAL AND POSITIVIST SCHOOLS OF CRIMINOLOGY [Electronic. (2005). Version]. Retrieved 05 November 2007, from http://faculty. ncwc. edu/toconnor/301/301lect02. htm

Anne Frank Essay -- essays research papers

On June 12, 1929, at 7:30 A.M. a baby girl was born in Frankfurt, Germany. No one realized that this infant, who was Jewish, was destined to become one of the world’s most famous victims of World War II. Her name was Anne Frank, and her parents were Edith Frank Hollandar and Otto Frank. She had one sister, Margot, who was three years older than she was. Anne led a happy and normal childhood, and on her 13th birthday she received a diary from her parents. It became special to her as years went by. It is through this diary that much about World War II and Anne’s life has been learned. In 1933, her and her family left Frankfurt, a large Jewish community, and settled in Amsterdam. Her father foresaw that Hitler’s power boded disaster for the Jews. In May 1940, the Nazi invasion of the Netherlands took place, which cast a shadow on Anne’s happy childhood. The situation became worse with the restrictions placed on the Jews. One restriction was that Jewish children were only allowed at Jewish schools. Anne went to the Jewish school called The Jewish Lyceum. In July 1942, Anne’s family went into hiding in the Prinsengracht building. Anne’s family called it the â€Å"Secret Annex†. During these times people they knew like, Miep and Jan Gies and many others, brought the family’s food. You would have to be very brave to take on a job like that because, if you got caught you could be killed. Life in the Annex was not easy at all. Anne had to wake up at 6:45 A.M. every morning. Nobody could go outside. No one could turn on lights at night. Anne mostly read books or wrote stories. Much of Anne’s diary was written while in hiding. Most of the families got separated, but Anne’s family never was. For this, they were lucky. In 1944, their hiding place was revealed, and they were taken into custody. The day after their arrest they were transferred to the Huis Van Bewaring, a prison on Weteringschans. On Aug. 8, they were transported from the main railroad station in Amsterdam to the Westerbork detention camp. For a month, the Franks were kept in the â€Å"disciplinary barracks†, not as ordinary prisoners, but inmates convicted of a crime. The crime was hiding. On September 3, 1944, aboard the last transport to leave the Netherlands, Anne’s family and those who were with them, were brought to the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp. By then more than 100,000 Dutch Jews had been ... ... Auschwitz, near Krakow, was the largest concentration camp, with inmates from all over Europe. Many Jewish and non-Jewish inmates performed industrial labor. The Nazis subjected some prisoners to medical experiments and gassed Jews and Roma (Gypsies). They also shot thousands of inmates, while others died from starvation or disease. Large crematories were constructed to incinerate the bodies. By the end of the war in 1945, millions of Jews-as wee as Slavs, Roma, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Communists, and others targeted by the Nazis-had been killed or had died in the Holocaust. In my opinion Anne Frank, The Diary of a Young Girl is a very sad, distressing book. It revels the life of a young innocent girl who is forced into hiding from the Nazis because of her religion, Judaism. It is also a very informing and very enlightening book. It introduces a time period of discrimination, unfair judgment, and power crazed individuals. With this it shows you the effect it has on the defenseless. Anne and her family are just one of the hundreds of thousands of families that were tortured. The thing that makes her story so intriguing is that it shows war in the eyes of a little girl.

Different Degree Levels in Nursing Essay

Nursing is a wonderful, rewarding profession to enter, and it must be chosen for all the right reasons. Today many nurses are faced with a difficult decision to return to college. For those of us who wish to continue to advance our nursing career; we continue to need the educational assistance that is necessary to advance our nursing skills. With nursing there are so many paths one can obtain after achieving your RN. You just need to choose what path is right for you. Basically there are two of the most common degrees to choose from the Associate’s Degree of Nursing (ADN) or Bachelors Degree of Nursing (BSN). Many do not realize the difference between the two. However there are many differences, but both nurses subscribe to the same nursing philosophies. With that being said, the ADN is about a two-year program while the BSN is a four year college or university. Another differences between ADN and BSN, is the ADN is 72 credits and the BSN is 125 credits. Today many nurses are faced with a tough and difficult decision. They are asking themselves what is the right choice for me? Why should I return to school? What are the benefits going to be for me after completing my degree? Truly, when it comes down to it only the nurse can decide and make the necessary decision. The associate degree level of nursing was developed out of a need to produce nurses in response to a shortage during and following World War II (http://nursing. adelphi. edu/about/history. php,n. dHYPERLINK â€Å"http://nursing. adelphi. edu/about/history. php,n. d. â€Å". ). In return many students who choose nursing were leaving only after a few years, thus creating a shortage. The ADN of nursing typically focuses on clinical competencies, fundamentals and technical skill needed to care for the patients. Also, the ADN degree promotes more task-oriented nurses, basic theory and the judgment to function at the entry level. They must also demonstrate the skills necessary in life-saving practice. It generally takes about two years at a community college and the cost for this degree is more manageable. Once the nurse proves their competencies by passing the NCLEX-RN they can obtain a state license. The benefit of having ADN is that the degree itself is a much shorter timeframe and a much less expensive to complete to become a registered nurse. â€Å"In 1965, the American Nurses Association (ANA) designated the baccalaureate degree as the educational entry point into professional nursing practice† (Friberg, page 3). The Bachelor of Science (BSN) in nursing typically takes a person four years to complete at a state college or university. The expense of a four-year degree is costly for some who are trying to be sparing with their college education. The BSN requires the ability to think logically and critically in patient care settings. The curriculum places emphasis on leadership and management in the nursing setting. Also it broadens the knowledge of patho-physiology of diseases, deals more with public issues and refines to a deeper assessment of nursing skills. One of the many benefits of having a BSN allows one to gain more experience and more responsibility. Also, allowing one to further their education in nursing by obtaining a master’s degree, nurse anesthetist, and nurse practitioner. The BSN also allows for a salary increase. It is unreasonable to think that this situation is going away anytime soon. With that being said, looking into the future today most hospitals are trying to achieve Magnet status. â€Å" The nation’s Magnet hospitals, which are recognized for nursing excellence and superior patient outcomes, have moved to require all nurse managers and nurse leaders to hold a baccalaureate or graduate degree in nursing by 2013†(Rossester 2012b). One thought to this is to have nurses obtain the most knowledge possible, and the know how to think in critical situations when they arise. One of my patient care situations that I can recall is when I was working on the telemetry floor in our local hospital. I was with a few other nurses, having their associate degree and two with their bachelor degree. Let’s call the ADN nurse A and the BSN nurse B. So, we were all around the nurse’s station waiting to give report to the next shift and one of the nursing assistants came running down the hall saying, one of the patients in room say 420 is not responding when I try to call her name. Nurse A and Nurse B both went into the room and the patient had no pulse and wasn’t breathing. Nurse B immediately started CPR and took charge in calling a Code. The code team arrived at this time. Nurse B asked if Nurse A could take the patient’s blood sugar and hang some fluids and get the patient on the monitor. Nurse A was also well in keeping the family and the people in the hallway calm and relaxed. The patient in the end was transferred to the ICU where they can better care for the patient in this critical situation and the physician was notified. Nurse B was more knowledgeable and had the necessary leadership skills along with the advanced critical thinking skills that this situation required. Nurse A was competent and did what was expected of the skills she had. In conclusion, I believe that having your ADN degrees is a quick way to gain the necessary knowledge and skills to enter into practice and the cost is less. The BSN allows one to prepare for management and leadership decisions. Also allowing for more critical skills and providing better career opportunities along with higher pay. As I reflect back on my education and skills and the future I recommend all nurses should receive their BSN. References http://nursing. adelphi. edu/about/history. php. (n. d. ) Friberg, Creasia (2011). Conceptual Foundations: The Bridge to Professional Nursing Practice [5] (VitalSource Bookshelf), Retrieved August 14, 2012, from http://pageburstsls. elesevier. com/books/978-0-323-06869-7/id/B9780323068697100029_f0010. Rosseter, R. (2012b, April 2). Fact Sheet: Creating a More Highly Qualified Nursing Workforce. American Association of Colleges of Nursing. Retrieved August 14, 2012, from www. aacn. nche. edu/edia-relations/Nursing Workforce. pdf.

Enthalpy & Entropy

Experiment ENTHALPY AND ENTROPY OF ZINC WITH COPPER SULFATE The CCLI Initiative Computers in Chemistry Laboratory Instruction LEARNING OBJECTIVES The learning objectives of this experiment are to. . . ! ! determine changes in enthalpy and entropy of the reaction of zinc with copper sulfate using two methods: electrochemistry and calorimetry. compare the enthalpy values obtained by the two methods. BACKGROUND Thermodynamics is concerned with energy changes that occur in chemical and physical process es. The enthalpy and entropy changes of a system undergoing such processes are interrelated by the change in free energy, ?G, according to the equation ?G = ?H – T ? S (1) This investigation focuses on the reaction Zn(S ) + CuSO4(aq) Y ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(S ) (2) ?G will be calculated from the ? H and ? S values obtained electrochemically. The validity of Equation (1) will be tested by comparing the value of ? H obtained electrochemically with the value of ? H obtained calorimetrically f or the same reaction. The electrochemical method The electrochemical method offers simple and accurate means for the determination of thermodynamic quantities. A simple electrochemical cell is constructed in a Chem-Carrou-Cellâ„ ¢ plate as shown in Figure 1.Cu(S )/CuSO4 (aq) || Zn(S )/ZnSO4(aq) (3) Fi? G ure 1: Set-up for measuring E versus temperature. 1 The CCLI Initiative The overall galvanic cell reaction is Zn(S ) + Cu2+ (aq) Y Zn2+(aq) + Cu(S ) and it is essentially the same as that taking place in the calorimeter. The quantity of the electrical energy, F , produced or consumed during the electrochemical reaction is a constant measured per mole of electrons, and can be accurately measured. The free energy change, ? G , of an electrochemical reaction is related to the voltage, E, of the electrochemical cell by the equation (4) G where and = -nFE n (5) F = the number of moles of electrons transferred in a redox reaction. = Faraday's constant of 96,500 C/mole of electrons . Co mbining equations (1) and (5), and dividing both sides by the constant â€Å"n,† we obtain a linear relationship between the voltage change, ? E, and the enthalpy and entropy changes at different temperatures E = – IH + T ? S nF nF I (6) or E = IS (T) – IH nF (7) nF By measuring the voltage E, of our electrochemical cell, at several temperatures, we can obtain a plot of the voltage versus temperature. Assuming that ? H and ?S remain constant over a small temperature range, we can calculate the ? S and ? H from the slope and the intercept of the straight line respectively slope = IS nF (8) and Y-intercept = – IH nF (9) ?G can now be calculated by means of Equation (1). We can verify its value using Equation (5). Please note that in both cases, ? G must be calculated for the same temperature. If the calculations are done for 298 K (25  °C), we can also verify the experimental value of E ° for this temperature by employing the Nernst equation (7) E = E ° – RT ln [products ] nF [reactants ] 2 (10)The CCLI Initiative where E ° is the standard potential measured at 25  ° C and is 1. 100V for the cell under consideration. When the concentrations of the ZnSO4 and CuSO4 solutions are equal, the log term of the Nernst equation becomes zero. Under these conditions, the standard voltage, E °, of the cell is equal to the measured voltage, E The calorimetric method The ideal calorimeter is a perfectly insulated vessel which contains a large known weight of solution in perfect thermal contact with an accurate thermometer and a small reaction tube (Figure 2).When measured quantities of reactants are introduced into the reaction tube, the heat of reaction changes the temperature of the calorimeter solution. Figure 2. Diagram of Calorimeter The heat of the chemical reaction is given by the equation IH H n K W Ti Tf = (K + W)(Ti – Tf) n (11) is the heat of reaction at constant pressure. is the number of moles of a limiting re actant as expressed in the balanced equation. is the heat capacity of the calorimeter solution. is the heat capacity of the calorimeter. s the initial temperature of the calorimeter solution. is the final temperature of the calorimeter solution. The heat capacity of the calorimeter solution is obtained by multiplying the specific heat of the solution (3. 8 J g-1  °C-1 for CuSO4 ) by the weight of the solution in the calorimeter. W, the estimated cup heat capacity, is 30 J  °C-1 . 3 The CCLI Initiative SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Safety goggles must be worn in the lab at all times. Any skin contacted by chemicals should be washed immediately. BEFORE PERFORMING THIS EXPERIMENT . . . †¦ ou will need a MicroLAB program capable of: Part I – measuring voltages and temperatures and displaying them in the Graphing , Digital Display and Spreadsheet views. Use delta. G . experiment supplied by your instructor. Part II – collecting temperature readings as a function of time and d isplaying them in the Graphing, Digital Display and Spreadsheet views. Use heat of Solution from the Time and Temperature tab in the MicroLAB opening window. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Part I: Electrochemistry 1. Calibrate your Temperature probe at a minimum of three separate temperatures with ice-cold water and hot tap water. . Fill a 600 ml beaker three-quarters full of ice. Fill the rest of the beaker with cold tap water until the beaker is filled to one cm from the top. Stir the ice/water mixture to distribute the ice evenly. 3. Place the beaker on a hot plate — don't turn the heat on yet! Rest the Chem-Carrou-CellTM on top of the beaker so that the bottoms of the wells of the Cell are immersed in the ice/water mixture. Let the set-up stand for 15 minutes until the temperature stabilizes. 4. Pour about 5 ml of 0. 1 M KNO3 into the center well. Pour about 5 ml of 0. 0 M ZnSO4 into well #1 and about 5 ml of 0. 50 M CuSO4 into well #2. 5. With clean tweezers, take a s trip of f ilter paper and dip one end into the central well (where immersion in the KNO3 solution will hold one end); dip the other end into well #1. Repeat this procedure with another strip of filter paper, dipping the other end into well #2. This creates the salt bridge for your galvanic cell. 6. With clean tweezers take a zinc metal strip and sand it (on a piece of paper so as not to scratch the table top) to remove any oxide coating.Bend 2 cm of one end of the ? S trip and immerse it in the ZnSO4 solution (well #1). The rest of the metal strip (3cm) extends out to the edge of the cell and should be bent over the rim. Repeat the same procedure with the copper metal strip and place it in well #2. Later the electrical leads (alligator clips ) from the interface will be attached to the metal strips. 7. Fasten your temperature probe to the ring stand with a clamp and adjust the temperature probe such that its tip can be immersed in the central well (KNO3 solution) of the cell.It is assumed tha t the temperature of the ZnSO4 solution and CuSO4 solution will be very close to the temperature of the KNO3 solution throughout the experiment. 8. Start the computer program to monitor the temperature. 9. Read and record the temperature. Attach the alligator clips to the metal strips and take the voltage reading. If a negative number appears on the screen, reverse the wires. Disconnect the wires immediately after the reading is recorded. 10. Turn the hot plate onto high, Start the MicroLAB program, then the program will pause every five  °C to measure the voltage and temperature.When the Message window â€Å"Attach probes , Press ENTER to take a reading, then detach probes ’’ appears on the screen, connect the voltage leads to the 4 The CCLI Initiative appropriate metal tabs, make sure the voltage is stable, then press ENTER, and disconnect the voltage leads until the next reading is due. Prolonged connection of the wires will cause electric current to flow through the cell. This discharge will result in changes in concentrations of the solutions. Since the measured voltage depends on these concentrations, there will be an error in the voltage readings.Stop the program when the temperature reaches 40  °C. Part II: Calorimetry 1. Weigh a clean, dry 150 ml beaker on the top loading balance, then add 50 ml of 0. 5 M CuSO4 solution. Weigh the beaker a second time to determine the mass of the solution in the calorimeter. Nest the 150 ml beaker inside a 400 and 600 ml beaker, thread the stirring rod and temperature probe through the Styrofoam lid and position the lid on the inner beaker. The temperature probe should be as deep into the solution as possible but without strain. Let the apparatus stand ? so that the components attain the same temperature.Using the top loading balance, tare the plastic weighing boat, then weigh 0. 5 grams of zinc powder into a plastic weighing boat, noting the exact weight in your notes. Start the program and plot te mperature against time for several minutes. Add the zinc powder to the copper solution. Save the boat and any Zn suck to it for weighing at the end of the run. Stir thoroughly and watch the plot of temperature versus time until a well defined cooling trend is established. It is important that a rubber policeman be used continually to ensure that any residue produced (copper coated zinc powder) is broken up.Weigh the weighing boat on the analytical balance and obtain the amount of Zn added by difference, noting the exact weight in your notes. Print the graph of your data. From your plot of temperature vs. time, determine the initial and final temperatures and calculate the heat of reaction per mole of zinc. Compare this value with ? H obtained in Part I. DATA ANALYSIS Part I: Electrochemistry 1. 2. 3. 4. Column B of the spreadsheet displays voltage values of the cell in volts. Column C displays temperature readings in degrees Celsius.Use the Formula tool to convert these temperatures into Kelvin, then â€Å"click-drag † the formula to the D column, then the Y-2 Axis. Using the Analysis functions, construct a linear curve fit through the data. Using the linear curve fit equation, calculate intercept ( 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. IH/n F ). IS from the slope ( IS /n F ) and IH from the Part II: Calorimetry 1. From your plot, determine the temperature of the copper sulphate solution before mixing (Ti) and the maximum temperature of the mixture (Tf). Using Equation (11), determine the enthalpy change, 5 2. IH, per mole of zinc added. The CCLI Initiative 6

Sustainable marketing strategies of Target Corporation Essay Example

Sustainable marketing strategies of Target Corporation Essay Example Sustainable marketing strategies of Target Corporation Essay Sustainable marketing strategies of Target Corporation Essay Essay Topic: The Birth Mark Name Course Instructor Date Sustainable marketing strategies of Target Corporation Target Corporation is a retail company in the USA that offers high quality, trendy merchandise at discounted prices. Target is ranked after Wal-Mart as the second largest retailing company in the United States. The company is also ranked in the Fortune 500 at number 30. The company is based in Minneapolis, Minnesota and has an estimated 1,300 stores across all the 47 states. The corporation was established in 1902 in the town of Minneapolis. Initially it was called the Dayton Dairy Goods Company. However, the first target store was opened in 1962 in Roseville Minnesota. With time, target grew to become one of the largest divisions of Dayton Hudson Corporation. This culminated in to the company being renamed Target Corporation with the ticker symbol TGT on August 2000 (Rowley, 56). The corporation is ranked among the top twenty corporate company’s contribution givers in America. The company recorded an increase in revenue in 2011 to a total of $69,865. Target Corporation operates Super Target and Target.com. Target.com is an online retail store while Supper Target is a store that provides full line grocery sales as an addition to the Target retail stores. Other key business ventures of Target are Target Financial Services that has Target Visa Card and Target Red businesses. The company employs over 300,000 members of staff. The company is known by close to 96 percent of the American population. Target is also engaged in an extensive expansion plan into the region. Through the purchase of leaseholds from Zellers in Canada, it plans to operate between 100 and 150 Canadian stores by 2013. The company is also popular for its effective marketing and advertising strategies (Dayton, 54). It also plays a considerable role in corporate social responsibility. This includes social events and charitable contributions. In addition, the company employs environment friendly approaches in its operation. SWOT Analysis Strengths Brand The target brand is a strong and popular brand across 97% of the American population. Their brand promise states â€Å"Expect More Pay Less.† This brand approach in marketing has helped the company mark considerable growth rates. The brand has also become an icon in the retail sector for cool, hip and stylish. Other private brands by Target include Kool Toyz, Merona, Room Essentials, Truetech, Prospirit, Choxie, Embark and Archer farms. This is essential for a sustainable marking strategy. Market presence Target has over 1,400 stores inclusive of super target stores. These stores are often located close to a mile radius of the competitors. The presence of the stores across the country and into neighboring Canada allows easier outreach to the consumers. The expansion plan is also set to reach more consumers. Design The primary focus for target has been its design approach and strategy. This has made it relatively superior to its competitors. Proper design strategies provide the company with a unique and stylish identity that appeal to consumers. Target has initiated partnerships with leading designers such as Isaac Mizrahi, Sonia Kashuk, Michael Graves and Victoria Hages. Their design and style is based on the latest trends and styles with products that range from home furnishings and fashion. Other unique designs include prescription bottles for â€Å"Clear RX.† Innovation in marketing techniques Target has established effective marketing tactics. Their advertising campaigns also help attract new customers. They conduct continuous television, internet and print advertisements. The company also provides weekly circular ads, seasonal brochures and catalogues. The organization also makes changes and improves on its marketing program. This includes an in-store networked named â€Å"Channel Red† and refining the Target Mail program in order to increase productivity. Weaknesses Litigations The organization has been the victim of various lawsuits. The law suits filed are based on labor, trademark, copyright and personal injuries. Lawsuits generally tarnish the image of an organization to consumers. In 2003, the company was forced to implement training and pay a total of $95000 after the court established that they did not accommodate a disabled employee. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission also accused Target of racial hiring practices. Opportunities Reaching new markets Target is undertaking an effective domestic and regional expansion plan. However, it may benefit from un-entered markets in the US. Extensive penetration in Hawaii and Vermont will increase the overall output. Increase in private label brands Target has numerous private products in the market. Studies reveal that of every five products one is a private label (Brassington, 89). These products account for up to $50 billion of all retail businesses. This offers an opportunity for Target to increase the overall sales. Global expansion Target Corporation already enjoys global popularity because of brand, marketing and advertising. Therefore, expansion of stores in the foreign arena would make it less vulnerable to a decline in the US economy. This will also increase competition with Wal-Mart. Threats Declining US economy The US economy has been on a downturn in recent years. There has been a recession and a credit crisis in 2009. The revenue growth for Target will also be affected. The housing crisis and inflation in utility prices and food leaves the consumers with little disposable income. In addition, the main market is based in the US. Ultimately, the organization cannot fall back on foreign markets. Ultimately, the company will experience lower profits. Competition Target competes at the local, national and international level with other key retail players. In addition, there are internet businesses that sell similar products. Consolidating their marketing presence under this system becomes difficult. Mergers also threaten the stability of Target. For instance, Sears and K-Mart have merged to reach a larger consumer base. Foreign retailers also create a threat towards Target’s Market share. The four Ps of marketing Organization should ensure their service or product appropriately reach the target market. This can be done with the 4Ps of marketing Product This refers to how the service or product looks and functions in order to meet the requirements of the target market. This takes into consideration branding, product information and packaging. Price This refers to the cost of the commodity or service to the consumer. The price should therefore fit and suit the capabilities of the target market (Hiam, 79). Placement This refers to the availability of the product. This should consider accessibility, type of outlet such as stores and pharmacies and operating hours of the outlets. Promotion This is the method used in communications and advertising in order to encourage consumers to use the service or merchandise. Channels used must reach the target audience. Some of the major channels used are television, internet, newspapers and brochures. Marketing mix Products Target has numerous labels such as Target.com, Target and Super target. They offer various products in Home accessories Furniture Baby equipment Electronics Outdoor sports equipment Men, women, children and baby fashion items and accessories Gifts and gift cards Automotive accessories Office and school supplies Consumables and food items Some of the major services offered include Pharmaceutical services Health clinics Food avenue outlets or restaurants Target Baby Registry Portrait studios Target lists on-line and store The target product mix is inclusive of their private label brands such as Embark, Kool Toyz, Market pantry and many more. Target also sells merchandise under brands that are licensed such as Chefmate, Fieldcrest, and C9 by champion and others. The company has a distribution network but also uses third parties like selected food items. The orders for Target.com are also filled by the corporate distribution network, shipped from vendors or third parties. Target provides services for merchandise from online and stores. The company also entered the generic drug market to provide pharmacy patrons to purchase particular generic drugs at $4 dollars. Target has gift registries for potential purchasers. Target gift cards are among the most popular gift ideas for the organization and are advertised frequently. In the year 2006, target gained over $1.5 billion form gift transactions. The company should effectively use its private labels for major product marketing. Price The company offers discounted prices for quality goods and services. Pricing is done after analyzing the price of their competitors. Weekly sales and clearance items are some of the attractions for Target consumers. The annual offers are also essential towards maintaining and attracting new consumers. Prices should reduce considerably in order to reach to the overall American population. Distribution Target has 5 import warehouses, over 26 regional distribution centers and a single Target.com distribution center. Target.com merchandise is shipped directly to customers through the distribution center or via USPS and Fed Ex. It has standard shipping options, 1-day and 2-day shipment options. Consumers acquire products directly from Target stores. This system ensures that the product that reaches the consumer is of high quality and suits their specification. Promotion Target spends over $1.8 million towards advertising. This is inclusive of newspaper circulars, TV commercials, brochures and internet advertisements. They post weekly ads on the internet and distribute weekly circulars to 50 million households. Target invests heavily in newspaper advertisement. However, newspaper usage is declining and the company should extensively use the internet as an avenue (Blythe, 56). More customers will be reached via the internet particularly the young population. Parameters for Sustainable Marketing Metrics Marketers use metrics as a medium of understanding their target market. These metrics include Return on investment Targets Leads Return on investment The primary goal of marketing matrices is to achieve an accurate measure of Return on Marketing Investment (ROI) or program effectiveness. This can be useful for Target Corporation in order to ensure the organization is spending more on profitable revenues (Kerin, 97). This can be applied on the concept of newspaper advertising where the company invests heavily despite the decline in newspaper usage. Targets This takes into account any person across the globe that receives the marking methodologies. When this is applied to the Target brand, it is resourceful towards tracking the number of individuals receiving the advertisement. This can also be applied towards the people receiving internet advertisements from target in order to formulate an effective internet marketing strategy. Leads This refers to the prospects of having a particular likelihood that a qualified market is suitable for a particular product and is likely to use the solution through a specific timeframe. Target marketing can use this to reach out to the male market. This is because majority of its customers are female. Some companies use the BANT criteria. The source for the leads and those that produce the highest profitability in revenues for Target should also be analyzed. Social Media Marketing for Sustainability Social media use has been on the increase in recent years. Companies have also realized the importance of marketing in this new frontier. Businesses are also marking great results from social media marketing. Some of the main marketing strategies include Using various means to attract customers and compress the sales cycles (Chaffey, 56). This is done through homage to compelling reportage where organizations hire experienced writers, filmmakers and reporters to tell a complex story about the organization. Creating brand awareness, priority and preference using decision makers and key social figures. This is done through building bold alliances and collaborating with NGOs and charities in support of similar goals and raising awareness. Monitoring and analyzing the level of competition with other corporate organizations. This is also done to ensure the organization is ahead. This is done through creation of a social media sustainability vehicle. Sustainability Audit Sustainability audits refer to a review of company programs and emphasizes on market based solutions for environmental problems. Target Corporation has been among the organizations that employ green solutions towards their business activities. It agreed to reduce the sale of harmful materials that contain PVCs. These chemicals have adverse effects on the environment. The marketing and other strategies have also integrated environment friendly approaches. In the year 20007, Target initiated a 13-page report for current and future plans towards being more earth friendly. Though the organization has undertaken major efforts towards sustainability, more efforts should be undertaken to protect the environment. Recommendations for the Target brand The organization should undertake a more effective marketing strategy through the internet. The internet is labeled as one of the major marketing frontiers (Hanson, 98). Therefore using social media sites and blogs will create a bigger market reach for Target. This advertisement process should be on a regular basis. The company should also diversify to the global market. Emerging markets such as China, India and Brazil offer a key investment destination for the organization. This will also cushion the company from the effects of the economic crisis that may occur in America. The organization should also have a direct mailing strategy. This should have coupon, incentives and other attractive offers in order for more people to shop at Target and Target.com. This will help attract and sustain more customers. Report findings Target Corporation has established an extensive marketing strategy for all its brands. The organization also allocates a considerable level of finances on marketing and marketing strategies. It has also made use of the conventional methods of advertising such as newspapers, mail and television. However, it has not yet established itself in internet marketing. The organization also needs to reach out to the male population in order to strengthen the market share. Carryout advertisements that appeal more to men will be beneficial for increasing the total male consumers. Work cited Blythe, Jim. Key Concepts in Marketing: Marketing. Los Angeles, Calif: SAGE, 2009. Print. Brassington, Frances, and Stephen Pettit. Principles of Marketing. Harlow, England: Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2009. Print. Chaffey, Dave. Internet Marketing: Strategy, Implementation and Practice. Harlow: Prentice Hall Financial Times, 2011. Print. Dayton, Bruce B, and Ellen B. Green. â€Å"The Birth of Target.† Hennepin History. 71.2 (2012). Print. Hanson, Ward A, and Kirthi Kalyanam. Principles of Internet Marketing. Mason, Ohio: South-Western, 2004. Print. Hiam, Alexander, and Linda G. Rastelli. Marketing. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2007. Print. Kerin, Roger A. Marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2006. Print. Rowley, Laura. On Target: How the World’s Hottest Retailer Hit a Bullseye. Hoboken, N.J: J. Wiley, 2003. Print.

Role of Kapos in Nazi Concentration Camps

Role of Kapos in Nazi Concentration Camps Kapos, called Funktionshftling by the SS, were prisoners who collaborated with the Nazis to serve in leadership or administrative roles over others interned in the same Nazi concentration camp. How Nazis Used Kapos The vast system of Nazi concentration camps in occupied Europe was under the control of the SS (Schutzstaffel). While there were many SS who staffed the camps, their ranks were supplemented with local auxiliary troops and prisoners. Prisoners that were chosen to be in these higher positions served in the role of Kapos. The origin of the term â€Å"Kapo† is not definitive.  Some historians believe it was directly transferred from the Italian word â€Å"capo† for â€Å"boss,† while others point to more indirect roots in both German and French.  In the Nazi concentration camps, the term Kapo was first used at Dachau from which it spread to the other camps. Regardless of the origin, Kapos played a vital role in the Nazi camp system as a large number of prisoners within the system required constant oversight.  Most Kapos were put in charge of a prisoner work gang, called Kommando. It was the Kapos job to brutally force prisoners to do forced labor, despite the prisoners being sick and starving. Facing prisoner against prisoner served two goals for the SS: it allowed them to meet a labor need while simultaneously furthering tensions between various groups of prisoners. Cruelty Kapos were, in many instances, even crueler than the SS themselves.  Because their tenuous position depended on the satisfaction of the SS, many Kapos took extreme measures against their fellow prisoners to maintain their privileged positions. Pulling most Kapos from the pool of prisoners interned for violent criminal behavior also allowed this cruelty to flourish.  While there were Kapos whose original internment was for asocial, political, or racial purposes (such as Jews), the vast majority of Kapos were criminal internees. Survivor memoirs and recollections relate varying experiences with Kapos.  A select few, such as Primo Levi  and Victor Frankl, credit a certain Kapo with ensuring their survival or helping them get slightly better treatment; while others, such as Elie Wiesel, share a far more common experience of cruelty.   Early in Wiesel’s camp experience at Auschwitz, he encounters, Idek, a cruel Kapo. Wiesel relates in Night: One day when Idek was venting his fury, I happened to cross his path. He threw himself on me like a wild beast, beating me in the chest, on my head, throwing me to the ground and picking me up again, crushing me with ever more violent blows, until I was covered in blood. As I bit my lips in order not to howl with pain, he must have mistaken my silence for defiance and so he continued to hit me harder and harder.  Abruptly, he calmed down and sent me back to work as if nothing had happened. In his book,  Mans Search for Meaning,  Frankl also tells of a Kapo known simply as The Murderous Capo. Kapos Had Privileges The privileges of being a Kapo varied from camp to camp but almost always resulted in better living conditions and a reduction in physical labor.   In the larger camps, such as Auschwitz, Kapos received separate rooms within the communal barracks, which they would often share with a self-selected assistant.   Kapos also received better clothing, better rations, and the ability to supervise labor rather than actively participate in it.  Kapos were sometimes able to use their positions to also procure special items within the camp system such as cigarettes, special foods, and alcohol.   A prisoner’s ability to please the Kapo or establish a rare rapport with him/her could, in many instances, meant the difference between life and death. Levels of Kapos In the larger camps, there were several different levels within the â€Å"Kapo† designation.  Some of the titles deemed as Kapos included: Lagerltester (camp leader): Within the various sections of large camps such as Auschwitz-Birkenau, the Lagerltester oversaw the entire section and served largely in administrative roles.  This was the highest of all prisoner positions and came with the most privileges.Blockltester (block leader): A position that was common in most camps, the Blockltester was responsible for the administration and discipline of an entire barracks.  This position customarily afforded its holder with a private room (or one shared with an assistant) and better rations.Stubenlteste (section leader): Oversaw portions of large barracks such as those in Auschwitz I and reported to the Blockltester about specific needs related to the barrack’s prisoners. At Liberation At the time of liberation, some Kapos were beaten and killed by the fellow prisoners that they had spent months or years tormenting, but in most cases, Kapos moved on with their lives in a similar fashion to other victims of Nazi persecution.   A few found themselves on trial in post-war West Germany as part of the U.S. military trials held there, but this was the exception, not the norm.  In one of the Auschwitz trials of the 1960s, two Kapos were found guilty of murder and cruelty and sentenced to life in prison. Others were tried in East Germany and Poland but without much success.  The only known court-sanctioned executions of Kapos occurred in immediate post-war trials in Poland, where five of seven men convicted for their roles as Kapos had their death sentences carried out. Ultimately, historians and psychiatrists are still exploring the role of Kapos as more information becomes available through recently released archives from the East. Their role as prisoner functionaries within the Nazi concentration camp system was vital to its success but this role, like many in the Third Reich, is not without its complexities.   Kapos are viewed as both opportunists and survivalists, and their complete history may never be known.

Drug Dealing and Money Laundering Forensic Accountant Admissibility Essay - 8

Drug Dealing and Money Laundering Forensic Accountant Admissibility - Essay Example The case R v Ferguson; R v Sadler, R v Cox of the three police officers Cox, Sadler, and Ferguson is one such case. Being in the drug squad, have made it easy for these officers to illegally sell drugs through street dealers who they have caught on the pretext that they were carrying out strategic investigations. In reality, the squad members were benefitting from the drug dealers through cash income, and the only way to justify their benefits was to check on their accounts. This was why the expertise of a forensic accountant, Curtin was necessary. Although evidence of assumed expert opinions is not admissible in a court of law, in this case, the Court made an exception to accountant Curtins opinions based on the logic that if a person's financial statements were to be produced in court then an expert in the area must be produced to analyze it. However, the expert, the forensic accountant, should merely explain the evidence (which the jury could have interpreted themselves had they the training to do so) but should not influence the jury of its contents. This was why the accountant's evidence became admissible. The court of appeal also allowed the evidence admissible if Curtin explained the process of arriving at the conclusions. Curtin has used standard accountants methodology as set by the Statement of Forensic Accounting Standards - APS 11. This Standard provides clear guidelines to its members how to seek and utilize financial data and present it incomprehensible manner. Two of the important requirements is that the accountant can only make assumptions about the past or future events or amounts in the absence of the amount. His assumptions should be reasonable under circumstances, and they were suitably qualified and disclosed.

Global Business Environment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Business Environment - Case Study Example P&G started as a small soap and candle company started by William Proctor and James Gamble in the year 1837 in the Cincinnati United States now has 138,000 employees working in over 80 countries worldwide. The company’s products and services are available to consumers over 180 countries. The company maintains one of the strongest and largest portfolios of trusted brands.  The company markets nearly 300 well-known brands in consumer goods and more than 50 percent of its revenues are derived from foreign countries. Being the market leader in the FMCG market P&G has proved to be one of the aggressive marketers and the largest advertiser in the world. Extensive market research and the novel brand-management system are the unique strengths of the company (Proctor & Gamble).  The success of P&G largely depended on its business technique called ‘brand management’ which implied that the company will focus its attention on a product rather than on a business function. The technique involves a decentralized decision making. The company began its global expansion during the early 1990s when the top management felt the need for streamlining the brand management system. For carrying out a planned expansion the company established a ‘Global Strategic Planning Group’ consisting of 3-20 individuals for each of the product categories. This group was made responsible for developing policies covering global and local brands. The group was also empowered to make decisions concerning ‘brand strategy’ which needs to be standardized across the world markets. It also involved customizing the products according to local markets and customer requirements.  While developing the branding strategies was made the responsibility of the Global Strategic Planning Group the implementation of the strategies was entrusted to the ‘Global Category Team’. The Global Category Team is headed by an executive vice president who handles eac h of the product categories.

Should the U.S. behave as the world's policeman Research Paper

Should the U.S. behave as the world's policeman - Research Paper Example The percentage that supported that countries should take part in worlds affairs in 2004 was 79%, while in 2005, it declined to 72% (â€Å"US Role in the World,† americans-world.org). In 2003 and later in 2006, Pew Research Centre asked a similar question where a respondent was expected to disagree or agree with, either completely or mostly. The response in 2006 was 86% as it had declined from that of 2003, which was 90% (Duffield and Dombrowski 137). United States and Britain’s invasion in the war that was in Iraq without authorization from United Nations Security Council was opposed with 72% votes, while those in support were 25% (Duffield and Dombrowski 139). 2. Whether the United States should behave as the world’s policeman Over the years, the United States has been involved in many peace making operations, whose aims have ranged from overthrowing dictators to hunting down bandits. For example, the peace operation in Libya, which was to over throw Ali Ghadafi of Libya, who was a dictator for forty two years (Ruschmann and Marzilli 28). In the1980s, Bush had rejected the idea of the United States being a world policeman, but in the end of the cold war, he saw that the United States was the remaining super power and thus, he took it as the responsibility of the United States to lead the world, but the United States was faced by a lot of problems in their quest to lead (Cameron 17). There are those who support the United States, but there are countries who feel that that the United States should mind its own business. There are a number of advantages and disadvantages when the United States is involved in worlds affairs. The advantages are such as the fact that they are involved in peacemaking missions, preventing terrorism, spreading democracy, they have a responsibility of feeding the world’s hungry, and improving the lives of people in affected areas. In as much as it has those positive effects there negative consequences that co me with its involvement in the world’s affairs, such as, it has led to destruction of property and, rejection of international treaties and underdevelopment in Third World countries. Positive effects of the United States involvement in world affairs include: Improving lives in general: The United States has a foreign policy that allows foreigners from underdeveloped countries like African nations, or countries experiencing instabilities in any aspect like Iraq, Afghanistan, and Israel, to be absorbed into the nation. Once they are absorbed, they are offered jobs and the income they earn is able to improve their lives and those of their nations (Metcalfe 397). Preventing the spread of terrorism: The United States has a powerful military force with modernized equipments, and this makes it one of the superpowers in the world. In countries like Iraq, Israel, and Afghanistan, the United State has been on the fore front in collaboration with the United Nations in peacemaking missio ns. They have selflessly deployed their American troops in the affected areas; this shows that the United States is willing to risk the lives of their troops in order to carry out these roles (Holyk 266). Responsibility in feeding the world’s hungry: In collaboration with the United Nations, the United States has been involved in providing food to refugees, who have been rendered homeless by wars in their countries.

Women And Homophobia In Sports Media Essay

Women And Homophobia In Sports Media Essay Violence and Sport a book written by Michael Smith was an excellent reading that portrayed many different aspects on sports. It will allow the reader to see how violent sports have gotten over time as well as other mainstream issues that occur on not just in the United States but as well as on a global level. It is also noted how violence is perceived as a serious social problem and that there is no doubt that the levels of violence has risen over the past couple of decades and how race, women, and homophobia has played a role in world of sports. This is an ongoing issue even today in the modern age and it will take a considerable amount of time and effort to correct the problems that we are facing in sports dealing with race, women, and homophobia in competitive sports. It was stated by John Walsh, Senior Vice President and Executive Editor of the sports cable network ESPN claims, Sports have moved from being a subculture to becoming a major force in Americas social and cultural landscape. (CNN, 2010) Society demonstrates to be sympathetic to inviting sports into their culture.   The passion over sports issues can rival the intensity of political debates.   According to the U.S. News poll on CNN, this mindset constitutes about a third of the adult population and is mainly comprised of a population who inquire that they play sports at least a couple of times a week or the ones who watch sports matches on television, several times during the week (Banks, 2009). Societys participation in sports involves issues and biases dealing with the minority groups such as; gender, ethnicity and homosexuality. Societys labels and limitations in the sport world are slowly starting to liquefy. The athletic continuum is starting to become a popular way for societ y to express its cultural diversity, awareness and acceptance allowing people to experience a feeling of heimat. According to Banks, the idiom of sports is the way that many Americans and countries feel most engaged and comfortable, talking about racial issues, standards of excellence, comparative worth, even right and wrong. (Banks, 2009) Many countries are moving forward in their positive thinking of sports.   The Olympics was once noted as the war of nations and how it was a sense of belonging to that person representing their particular country. In this day in age it still is. For example when Jusain Bolt won the 100 and 200 and broke the record for both. Many Americans were tied to that record because it was set by an American and now we no longer hold the record the Jamaicans do and is believed to hold for years to come. However, now people enjoy admiring and applauding individual talent regardless of the athletes origin, yet still maintaining that feeling of heimat. Athletics has become a major beneficial and influential power towards any nations society as a whole.   The Bozell poll survey, which is conducted by CNN that obtains peoples opinion, states, that Americans think spectator sports have a positive impact on society and that competitive sports help children to learn valuable life lessons that they will carry with them through their adult life. The poll also reveals that it is a possibility that the lessons of sports provide a positive outlook in other lifes issues.   It is strongly believed with ninety one percent consider participation in sports help people broaden their mind in dealing with those from different racial or ethnic background; seventy-seven percent agree that sports help people to become better parents, and sixty eight percent believe that sports could help people get along better with people of who is of the opposite genders. (Bozell Poll Survey, 2004) The involvement in womens sports is rapidly growing across the globe.   During the time of 1971-72 roughly thirty thousand women were participating in college sports and by 1994-95 their participation rate sky rocketed to over 110,000.   In high school the involvement levels rose from 300,000 to more than 2 million.   (Hoberman, 1999) Important historical events in history have thrust women into the world of sports.   Upon performing more research it is noted, dating back to the 1800s the first known womens golf tournament is held at the Mussleburgh Golf Club in Scotland among the women who were local fishwives, the first intercollegiate womens tennis club started in 1881 at Smith College, and around 1896 a woman living in Athens ran the marathon. During the 1900s  women were starting to perform in the Olympics in Paris and slowly started to diffuse into other countries allowing more participation from women. The All American Girls Professional Baseball League was formed during the mid 1900s, a sex chromatin test for women athletes was introduced as a prerequisite for Olympic competition, the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women was organized to enforce sport opportunities for college women, forcing the NCAA to allow women participants in college and soon after Title IX is imposed. (Smith, 2001) Title IX is a huge force towards the positive cultural movement for women in sports in America.   Title IX was passed in 1972 and allowed provided guaranteed equal access and opportunity for women in throughout all college sports.   Recruiting, scholarships and athletic benefits were made widely available.   The new law helped to view the seriousness of the female athletes and helped to destroy the outd ated views of women in sports. Diversity and sensitivity training is starting to become a major focus in high schools, universities and corporations throughout the world. (Smith, 2001)   Several workshops and seminars strive to educate, dispel and aid in rebuild the institutions ideas on gender equality.   Huge strides by the male gender are being made to exercise the appreciate womens roles in sports. An example is the mens wrestling and rugby teams at Northeastern University organize an annual breakfast in honor of National Girls and Women in Sports Day still today. The Womens Sports Foundation is one of many different organizations striving for gender equality in sports across the nation and globe.   Their main goal is To Promote the lifelong participation of all girls and women in sports and fitness, and to create an educated public that encourages females participation and supports gender equality. (King, 2008) Not only are support groups and foundations fighting for the rights of women in sports but th e media is also attempting to support the growth of female athletes in both college and professional sports. However this is not the only emerging problem within the sport world. Many people have a weird fear and discrimination of people who are homosexual or different than them. Homophobia is emerging as a huge issue in womens sports and not so much in mens.   Although society to a certain extent has become slightly more accepting of homosexuality in general, some women are somewhat intimidated from sport by fear of being classified as a lesbian.   (Smith, 2001) Homophobia is real life issue but serious positive ways of thinking are being made.   Gay rights activists and other supportive groups such as Gay, Lesbian BGLAD, have joined alliances to help fight the discrimination of homosexuals involved in sports.   Gay magazines, newspapers, books and websites help everyone in the society to understand and respect all individuals regardless of sexual preference and are being diffused into different cultures across the world. Because of this many people are being educated of the different rights that homosexuality has and that they are no different from someone who is heterosexual. Some major steps are being taken such as by the man named Eric Gumby Ande rson; the first openly gay high school track coach in America has noted his long struggle to bridge the huge gap between sports and being gay.   Even though Erics gayness was highly criticized with strong opposition he believed that he had something to attest to the world dealing with gay coaches or even gay athletes.   Anderson would like to make an impact on high school athletes anywhere and everywhere. Another act of revealing their true identity and who they are is an article Coming Out Part 1 and Part 2 about a high school, varsity captain football player coming out to the community.   Corey Johnson from Massachusetts did not want to hide his secret any longer from all of his family and friends. However some community members expressed their detestation towards him, the majority of the community accepted him with open arms and little hostility. Coreys teammates were amenable to the situation and Corey continued to be the co-captain of the football team and become a massiv e icon in the gay activist community. Corey Johnsons announcement was seen as a visionary act. Coreys situation is a great moment for society and could possibly  perhaps help to prove to be another positive cultural influence through sports. With Corey and Coach Anderson coming out openly to the public this is believed to prove to be a step in a positive direction. This will help with gay, lesbian, and bisexuals everywhere. Women and homosexuals are just two groups of minorities in sports.   Children and adults of color and poor socio-economic communities have historically been rejected from the world of athletics. (Smith, 2001)   Many different organizations and support groups have been formed to cultivate minority participation in sports. Noted by Michael Smith, Inner City Handball Associates helps children of low economic backgrounds and different ethnicities to become involved in sport.   Their mission is; To give every child the opportunity to explore their full potential and develop an academically disciplined mind and a strong health body.   To help nurture a strong sense of pride and motivate our youth to be the best at whatever they choose to be.   While also encouraging the youth to volunteer, to help rebuild and strengthen their communities creating their own positive role models for future generations to follow.   In the past decades minorities have been place in somewhat of a caste system.   The black athletes were always the football players or the basketball players and the sports like golf and tennis were for whites majority of the time. (Smith, 2001) Minorities absence in sports has drawn the attention of Former President Clinton.   In the article, Clinton Needles Sports World for Not Hiring Minorities, he addressed the fact the minorities are not being hired as coaches and administrators in college and in professional sports.   He also stated, Ive hired hundreds and hundreds of minorities as governor the governor of Arkansas and as presidents of different organizations, Clinton said.   Nobody ever accused me of giving jobs to people that werent qualified. (Constantine, 1997). Advancements for the inclusion of minorities in sports have been noted since then. Major improvements have occurred since then. Some of these examples are an increase in college and professional football coaches as well as basketball, administration positions have been earned by many minority educators, and even now an African American president. When one observes the sport world in the European countries it has changed quite significantly during the past few decades. It use to be that blacks were not allowed to participate with whites in rugby and other sports so they were forced to create their own leagues but were allowed to play against the stronger white leagues. (Goldstein, 1983) However now this is not the case major changes were made and are not like this anymore. Also noted by Clinton is by saying, it is obvious that athletics are leading America towards a better, more harmonious society, and that he hoped that those involved in sports would also learn good life skills and t o make good decisions.   Its important that the lessons they learn carry over to good citizenship, including attitudes about people of different races. (Constantine, 1997) Michael Smith provides some detailing information on minorities entering the NASCAR field that is predominately still white. He highlights the struggle for minorities to break into the stereotypically white world of racecar driving.   Wendell Scott became the one and only African American to win the NASCAR in 1963, afterwards no other African American could follow behind him in his footsteps.   Now African Americans are slowly being turned onto NASCAR not only as fans but also as racers at times. However African Americans still have yet to become drawn in as a major force to perform among the high level of NASCAR. Though racial inequality exists, NASCAR is pushing for a more positive cultural acceptance of diversity in the society of sports. Well we hope the racial climate reflects America.   Thats what we want the sport to reflect. I mean we feel this is possible the most American professional sport there is stated Richard Petty. He also stated that, Whether they are red white or purple theyre welcome to try just like anyone else. At one point in time there were two black race car owners, basketball great Julius Erving and former Redskins running back Joe Washington have spent a few unsuccessful years in the Busch Series, but do not blame racism. (Smith, 2001) NASCAR and most athletic organizations admit willingly that racial equality has not yet been achieved in the society of sports.   Optimistically the trend of diversity could possibly continue in America and make a positive cultural influence in todays society. It is a noticeable trend that other countries athletes are becoming popular in America. This succeeds in not only diversifying sports but also including a globalization perspective to include other countrys cultural aspects of sport and helping with the issue of equality. Many organizations have been formed worldwide to open up athletic opportunities to people of all ethnicities and to serve as an exchange of culture.  Ã‚  Societys labels are progressively losing their footholds in the world of sports. Though it is hard to dispute that Americans and other countries have a long way to fully achieve equality in sports, accept homosexuals in sport, and different races and ethnicities,  I believe that it is safe to say that a movement towards a positive cultural influence of sports in society is obvious. I believe that the book Violence and Sport is a book worth reading and is very educating in dealing with different aspects of life, different sports and different views into how people perceive sport as their sense of belonging or how sport is slowly starting to diffuse into different countries cultures including some here in America where different races are breaking ground in different sports and accepting that person for who they are and not caring of their race, gender, or sexuality.