The Power of Story - A Game for Adult Students

The Power of Story - A Game for Adult Students Ideal Size Up to 20. Divide larger groups. Use For Introductions in the classroom or at a meeting where the topic would be enriched by the sharing of personal stories. This exercise gives everyone a chance to share their story  and helps you manage storytelling later. Time Needed Depends on the number of people and the time you allow for personal stories. Materials Needed Nothing, but you must communicate with participants beforehand. They will need to bring a personal item related to your topic. Instructions Send your students an email or letter prior to their arrival at your class or meeting and ask them to bring a personal item that is somehow related to the topic you will be discussing. When it’s time for students to introduce themselves, explain that you want to recognize and honor the life experiences and wisdom they bring to your classroom. Ask them to give their name, present the item they brought, and, in a minute or two, tell the group the story behind that item. Why did they choose it?What special memory does it elicit for them?What is its significance given your topic? Debrief Ask for a few volunteers to share any surprises they experienced as people shared their stories. Did anyone’s item and story cause them to think differently about your topic? The Heros Journey is so important in the understanding of story. Make sure your students are familiar with its elements.

Best Chemistry Quotes

Best Chemistry Quotes This is a collection of chemistry quotes, relating to the science of chemistry or quotations from chemists about chemistry. Marie Curie â€Å"Scientist believe in things, not in persons† Robert B. Laughlin I also taught myself how to blow glass using a propane torch from the hardware store and managed to make some elementary chemistry plumbing such as tees and small glass bulbs. Roald Hoffmann I am a teacher, and I am proud of it. At Cornell University I have taught primarily undergraduates, and indeed almost every year since 1966 have taught first-year general chemistry. James W. Black I did help to set up an undergraduate course in medicinal chemistry and made progress in modeling and analyzing pharmacological activity at the tissue level, my new passion. Michael Polanyi And the actual achievements of biology are explanations in terms of mechanisms founded on physics and chemistry, which is not the same thing as explanations in terms of physics and chemistry. William Standish Knowles At Harvard, I majored in chemistry with a strong inclination toward math. Kenichi Fukui But the nature of my main work in chemistry can be better represented by more than 280 English publications, of which roughly 200 concern the theory of chemical reactions and related subjects. Adam Sandler Chemistry can be a good and bad thing. Chemistry is good when you make love with it. Chemistry is bad when you make crack with it. Frederick Soddy Chemistry has been termed by the physicist as the messy part of physics, but that is no reason why the physicists should be permitted to make a mess of chemistry when they invade it. Dennis Rodman Chemistry is a class you take in high school or college, where you figure out two plus two is 10, or something. Kenichi Fukui Chemistry itself knows altogether too well that - given the real fear that the scarcity of global resources and energy might threaten the unity of mankind - chemistry is in a position to make a contribution towards securing a true peace on earth. Antonio Perez Digital imaging is as much about chemistry as it is about semiconductors. Rudolph A. Marcus During my McGill years, I took a number of math courses, more than other students in chemistry. Tony Wilson Every band needs its own special chemistry. And Bez was a very good chemist. Donald Cram Few scientists acquainted with the chemistry of biological systems at the molecular level can avoid being inspired. Richard Ernst However, I survived and started to read all chemistry books that I could get a hand on, first some 19th century books from our home library that did not provide much reliable information, and then I emptied the rather extensive city library. John Pople I abandoned chemistry to concentrate on mathematics and physics. In 1942, I travelled to Cambridge to take the scholarship examination at Trinity College, received an award and entered the university in October 1943. Sydney Brenner I also became interested in chemistry and gradually accumulated enough test tubes and other glassware to do chemical experiments, using small quantities of chemicals purchased from a pharmacy supply house. Knute Rockne I enjoy talking to my football men and my chemistry classes and I feel sure that they are quite interested in what I have to say. Steve Blake I fell in love with Scotland and made good friends here, so I stayed after graduating with Honours in Chemistry. John Tesh I grew up wanting to be a musician, but my parents were sure I would starve to death. So, they put me in physics and chemistry. That eventually blew up, and I got into radio. Robert Huber I learned easily and had time to follow my inclination for sports (light athletics and skiing) and chemistry, which I taught myself by reading all textbooks I could get. Maya Lin I really enjoyed hanging out with some of the teachers. This one chemistry teacher, she liked hanging out. I liked making explosives. We would stay after school and blow things up. Martin Lewis Perl I was also interested in chemistry, but my parents were not willing to buy me a chemistry set. George Andrew Olah I was invited to join the newly established Central Chemical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1954 and was able to establish a small research group in organic chemistry, housed in temporary laboratories of an industrial research institute. Burton Richter In 1948 I entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, undecided between studies of chemistry and physics, but my first year convinced me that physics was more interesting to me. John E. Walker In 1960, I went to St. Catherines College, Oxford, and received the B.A. degree in Chemistry in 1964. Jon Postel In a chemistry class there was a guy sitting in front of me doing what looked like a jigsaw puzzle or some really weird kind of thing. He told me he was writing a computer program. Paul D. Boyer In marked contrast to the University of Wisconsin, Biochemistry was hardly visible at Stanford in 1945, consisting of only two professors in the chemistry department. James Rainwater In my schooling through high school, I excelled mainly in chemistry, physics and mathematics. Jack Steinberger In the evenings I studied chemistry at the University of Chicago, the weekends I helped in the family store. George E. Brown, Jr. Industrial opportunities are going to stem more from the biological sciences than from chemistry and physics. I see biology as being the greatest area of scientific breakthroughs in the next generation. Wilhelm Ostwald It has pleased no less than surprised me that of the many studies whereby I have sought to extend the field of general chemistry, the highest scientific distinction that there is today has been awarded for those on catalysis. H. L. Mencken It is now quite lawful for a Catholic woman to avoid pregnancy by a resort to mathematics, though she is still forbidden to resort to physics or chemistry. Edward Thorndike Just as the science and art of agriculture depend upon chemistry and botany, so the art of education depends upon physiology and psychology. John Pople Leaving England was a painful decision, and we still have some regrets about it. However, at that time, the research environment for theoretical chemistry was clearly better in the U.S. Auguste Comte Men are not allowed to think freely about chemistry and biology: why should they be allowed to think freely about political philosophy? Camille Paglia Modern bodybuilding is ritual, religion, sport, art, and science, awash in Western chemistry and mathematics. Defying nature, it surpasses it. Kenneth G. Wilson My father was on the faculty in the Chemistry Department of Harvard University; my mother had one year of graduate work in physics before her marriage. Geoffrey Wilkinson My first introduction to chemistry came at a quite early age through my mothers elder brother. Rudolph A. Marcus My interest in the sciences started with mathematics in the very beginning, and later with chemistry in early high school and the proverbial home chemistry set. Michael Polanyi No inanimate object is ever fully determined by the laws of physics and chemistry. Thomas Huxley Nothing can be more incorrect than the assumption one sometimes meets with, that physics has one method, chemistry another, and biology a third. Johannes P. Muller Physiology is the science which treats of the properties of organic bodies, animal and vegetable, of the phenomena they present, and of the laws which govern their actions. Inorganic substances are the objects of other sciences, - physics and chemistry. Paul Berg That work led to the emergence of the recombinant DNA technology thereby providing a major tool for analyzing mammalian gene structure and function and formed the basis for me receiving the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Peter Hook The chemistry involved made everything Factory did quite special. Derek Harold Richard Barton The first serious applications were in triterpenoid chemistry. Paul Dirac The fundamental laws necessary for the mathematical treatment of a large part of physics and the whole of chemistry are thus completely known, and the difficulty lies only in the fact that application of these laws leads to equations that are too complex to be solved. Charles Babbage To those who have chosen the profession of medicine, a knowledge of chemistry, and of some branches of natural history, and, indeed, of several other departments of science, affords useful assistance. Jeremy Rifkin We were making the first step out of the age of chemistry and physics, and into the age of biology. Tim Hardaway You have to look at how chemistry develops. Johannes Vilhelm Jensen The grounding in natural sciences which I obtained in the course of my medical studies, including preliminary examinations in botany, zoology, physics, and chemistry, was to become decisive in determining the trend of my literary work. Dixie Lee Ray The organic material, as the laws of chemistry state, can neither be created nor destroyed.

Corporate Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Corporate Risk Management - Essay Example Unfortunately such high degree of risks can bring negative impact on the profitability as well as to the future success of the organizations. So to protect from such bad consequences it is essential for such organization as soon as possible to find an appropriate solution so that they could handle or manage risks in better way which in otherwise could bring catastrophe to them. So a desirable solution is through applying appropriate sets of procedures or policies at proper intervals. Risk management is one such effective strategy that to a great extent can minimize or reduce various types of risks that an organization has to face while carrying out its operations. By adopting such strategy an organization can ensure its better success and growth in the future. Viewing this importance the paper attempts to describe what is risk management or risk management decisions, the direct and indirect costs and benefits of risk management decisions to an organization and how they can be measure d. Risk management or risk management decisions are a logical process that aims at eliminating or minimizing the level of risk pertained to any business operations. In other words it can be told as a series of process that comprises of identifying, analyzing, and implementing necessary steps so as to minimize or eliminate the exposures to risk of loss that are to be faced by an organization. The practice of risk management makes use of number of tools and techniques, and also the concept of insurance, in order to manage the different types of risks. The duty of carrying out the process of risk management is entrusted to the concerned department of corporate risk management, who firstly identifies what are the various potential sources that cause to trouble, after identifying the corporate risk managers analyzes each of the sources carefully and then finally after analyzing they take precautionary measures or steps to overcome from such exposure of losses. The term risk management is known to be a "relatively a recent evolution of the concept to insurance management" (Sullivan, 2009, P. 452). The concept risk management that comprises of broader scope of activities and responsibilities than what the insurance management actually dealt with. The uses of Risk management was initially applied by the organizations to protect from various physical threats which occurs while carrying out their operations such as theft, fire, flood, legal liability, disability, employee injuries, car accidents, and many which otherwise took number of years to protect themselves from such risks and in turn which would bring barriers to their day-to-day operations and profitability. It was seen as the 20th century ended; the activities of risk management were much more expanded to the areas of financial risks such as interest rates, exchange rates, and now e-Commerce. As mentioned earlier risk management as a process risk management involves several series of steps where the concerned corporate risk management department of an organization identifies, analyzes, treats and monitors the risks which are involved in carry out their any business operations (Culp, 2001). These entire processes were carried out by the organizatio

The Exodus and Yahwehs Relationship with the Hebrews Essay

The Exodus and Yahwehs Relationship with the Hebrews - Essay Example This was instrumental in the creation of the country of Israel. The Zionist movement derived its inspiration from the Exodus that is described in the Old Testament of The Holy Bible. This then becomes the point in history that provided the Jews with an incident to look up to and a precedent to live up to. This paper shall look at the different aspects of this historical connection and the relationship that Yahweh had with the Hebrews. According to Rabbi Irving Greenberg, the main aspect of the importance of the Exodus is the fact that it can be connected to the modern secular concept of upliftment. The Jewish idea of liberation from Exodus can be applied, according to him, to the modern concepts of economics that seek to look at development and justice for the poor and the weak. This is exactly what God had attempted to do during the Exodus. The Exodus had provided an opportunity for the poor and the weak to migrate from a tyrannical Egypt to the Promised Land where they could then a ttain a standard of living that would be humane and just. The idea of justice is thus, what God promises in return for faith. Greenberg’s ideas are a bit far-fetched in as much as they equate faith and economics. However, it is also true that the ideas of empowerment of the weak are present in both modern economics and the ideas of religious justice. The Exodus is remembered in present times through acting out the exodus in one’s own life.... In this sense, the exodus has a greater significance. It can also be seen in a metaphorical sense whereby the exodus becomes a movement for personal fulfillment and personal empowerment. This then also becomes for the Jews of the present, a call to create a better world. It becomes a call to utopia in the world, in the way that the God of the Old Testament envisaged it. The collective action of the Exodus is then looked upon using the lens of personal religious involvement. The conflation of the personal and the religious then becomes an important part of the observance of the remembrance of the Exodus. Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, during the Exodus, made it clear that he would provide protection to them during their movement from Egypt to the land that he had promised them (Berit). This concept of the protection of Yahweh always being present is then an important part of the life of a Jew even in present times. The basis of the Zionist movement has remained this implicit faith in the protection that would be offered by god to the people who have faith in him. The people who migrated to what is today known as Israel too had in them this faith. They were confident of the promise that Yahweh had made to them. Their identity was based largely upon this promise and this bound all Jews into one group. This then has been instrumental in the creation of an identity for the Jews of modern times in different parts of the world. The importance of this lies in the fact that a moment in history that had passed much earlier is held up as important for the creation of the identity of a later generation. The religious significance of the Exodus and the relationship between the Hebrews and Yahweh lies in the bond that is created between

Classical and Positive Theory Essay Example for Free

Classical and Positive Theory Essay Classical Philosophy emphasizes on human rationality and freedom. Some classical writings are written by Plato, Aristotle, Boethius and St. Thomas of Aquinas. These writers of the ancient and medieval school are still relevant to the philosophical thoughts of today. Nation begins to turn from feudalism and the modern world based its governance on rational decision making. Classical thinking also compels justice system to give varying degrees of swift punishment to offenders. Classical school of rational thoughts believes that suffering is an integral part of human existence and since man is ordained the highest among the created things he is lord over them which means that what controls man is his free own will. His freedom is based on the fear of pain and death or punishment which makes him control his behavior. Since man is free it means free to choose what is good as dictated by the moral norms and the authority governing its people. In this way, the State ought to enforce law in an organized and equitable way. Being free does not intend to do what one wishes to do but choosing what is right. It’s relevance in today’s happening is the way how truth is safeguarded in this present society in which sometimes sins becomes a virtue. The classical minded protagonist’s defended and defined what is rational and irrational; it distinguishes the upright conscience from the deformed and seemingly lax consciences. Man is therefore relegated to its higher end and in the belief that life is worthwhile. 2) Positivist Theory What factors contributed to the intellectual heritage of positivism? How does the positivist theory apply in the modern world today, if at all? Positive theory is a search of multiple factors that causes human behavior (CLASSICAL AND POSITIVIST SCHOOLS OF CRIMINOLOGY, 2005). Positivism is a way of seeing things around us based on the actual happenings in the material world. That human endeavor has a pattern in which a person can discover in the natural way. Once the patterns are discovered we can deduce the information into small portions where we can analyze and learn the facts about the whole thing. The method of learning is perceived objectively, open minded view to the world. Positive law can be used to change an organization based on the observable scientific data. The application of natural sciences is applied to the study of human behavior. Positive theory as applied in the modern world could be environmental and biological and sometimes evolutionary which means that traits can be passed on through heredity. A positivist’s judge rejects the idea that criminal behavior is a result of free will but sought the understanding of the bad action through scientific method. However some psychologists believed that we could diminish the criminal populace by partial elimination which advocates death for those with permanent psychological abnormalities. The first indicates that man is not responsible of his action and the later concept is contrary to the moral norms and is not acceptable to a humane and free society. References CLASSICAL AND POSITIVIST SCHOOLS OF CRIMINOLOGY [Electronic. (2005). Version]. Retrieved 05 November 2007, from http://faculty. ncwc. edu/toconnor/301/301lect02. htm

Anne Frank Essay -- essays research papers

On June 12, 1929, at 7:30 A.M. a baby girl was born in Frankfurt, Germany. No one realized that this infant, who was Jewish, was destined to become one of the world’s most famous victims of World War II. Her name was Anne Frank, and her parents were Edith Frank Hollandar and Otto Frank. She had one sister, Margot, who was three years older than she was. Anne led a happy and normal childhood, and on her 13th birthday she received a diary from her parents. It became special to her as years went by. It is through this diary that much about World War II and Anne’s life has been learned. In 1933, her and her family left Frankfurt, a large Jewish community, and settled in Amsterdam. Her father foresaw that Hitler’s power boded disaster for the Jews. In May 1940, the Nazi invasion of the Netherlands took place, which cast a shadow on Anne’s happy childhood. The situation became worse with the restrictions placed on the Jews. One restriction was that Jewish children were only allowed at Jewish schools. Anne went to the Jewish school called The Jewish Lyceum. In July 1942, Anne’s family went into hiding in the Prinsengracht building. Anne’s family called it the â€Å"Secret Annex†. During these times people they knew like, Miep and Jan Gies and many others, brought the family’s food. You would have to be very brave to take on a job like that because, if you got caught you could be killed. Life in the Annex was not easy at all. Anne had to wake up at 6:45 A.M. every morning. Nobody could go outside. No one could turn on lights at night. Anne mostly read books or wrote stories. Much of Anne’s diary was written while in hiding. Most of the families got separated, but Anne’s family never was. For this, they were lucky. In 1944, their hiding place was revealed, and they were taken into custody. The day after their arrest they were transferred to the Huis Van Bewaring, a prison on Weteringschans. On Aug. 8, they were transported from the main railroad station in Amsterdam to the Westerbork detention camp. For a month, the Franks were kept in the â€Å"disciplinary barracks†, not as ordinary prisoners, but inmates convicted of a crime. The crime was hiding. On September 3, 1944, aboard the last transport to leave the Netherlands, Anne’s family and those who were with them, were brought to the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp. By then more than 100,000 Dutch Jews had been ... ... Auschwitz, near Krakow, was the largest concentration camp, with inmates from all over Europe. Many Jewish and non-Jewish inmates performed industrial labor. The Nazis subjected some prisoners to medical experiments and gassed Jews and Roma (Gypsies). They also shot thousands of inmates, while others died from starvation or disease. Large crematories were constructed to incinerate the bodies. By the end of the war in 1945, millions of Jews-as wee as Slavs, Roma, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Communists, and others targeted by the Nazis-had been killed or had died in the Holocaust. In my opinion Anne Frank, The Diary of a Young Girl is a very sad, distressing book. It revels the life of a young innocent girl who is forced into hiding from the Nazis because of her religion, Judaism. It is also a very informing and very enlightening book. It introduces a time period of discrimination, unfair judgment, and power crazed individuals. With this it shows you the effect it has on the defenseless. Anne and her family are just one of the hundreds of thousands of families that were tortured. The thing that makes her story so intriguing is that it shows war in the eyes of a little girl.

Different Degree Levels in Nursing Essay

Nursing is a wonderful, rewarding profession to enter, and it must be chosen for all the right reasons. Today many nurses are faced with a difficult decision to return to college. For those of us who wish to continue to advance our nursing career; we continue to need the educational assistance that is necessary to advance our nursing skills. With nursing there are so many paths one can obtain after achieving your RN. You just need to choose what path is right for you. Basically there are two of the most common degrees to choose from the Associate’s Degree of Nursing (ADN) or Bachelors Degree of Nursing (BSN). Many do not realize the difference between the two. However there are many differences, but both nurses subscribe to the same nursing philosophies. With that being said, the ADN is about a two-year program while the BSN is a four year college or university. Another differences between ADN and BSN, is the ADN is 72 credits and the BSN is 125 credits. Today many nurses are faced with a tough and difficult decision. They are asking themselves what is the right choice for me? Why should I return to school? What are the benefits going to be for me after completing my degree? Truly, when it comes down to it only the nurse can decide and make the necessary decision. The associate degree level of nursing was developed out of a need to produce nurses in response to a shortage during and following World War II (http://nursing. adelphi. edu/about/history. php,n. dHYPERLINK â€Å"http://nursing. adelphi. edu/about/history. php,n. d. â€Å". ). In return many students who choose nursing were leaving only after a few years, thus creating a shortage. The ADN of nursing typically focuses on clinical competencies, fundamentals and technical skill needed to care for the patients. Also, the ADN degree promotes more task-oriented nurses, basic theory and the judgment to function at the entry level. They must also demonstrate the skills necessary in life-saving practice. It generally takes about two years at a community college and the cost for this degree is more manageable. Once the nurse proves their competencies by passing the NCLEX-RN they can obtain a state license. The benefit of having ADN is that the degree itself is a much shorter timeframe and a much less expensive to complete to become a registered nurse. â€Å"In 1965, the American Nurses Association (ANA) designated the baccalaureate degree as the educational entry point into professional nursing practice† (Friberg, page 3). The Bachelor of Science (BSN) in nursing typically takes a person four years to complete at a state college or university. The expense of a four-year degree is costly for some who are trying to be sparing with their college education. The BSN requires the ability to think logically and critically in patient care settings. The curriculum places emphasis on leadership and management in the nursing setting. Also it broadens the knowledge of patho-physiology of diseases, deals more with public issues and refines to a deeper assessment of nursing skills. One of the many benefits of having a BSN allows one to gain more experience and more responsibility. Also, allowing one to further their education in nursing by obtaining a master’s degree, nurse anesthetist, and nurse practitioner. The BSN also allows for a salary increase. It is unreasonable to think that this situation is going away anytime soon. With that being said, looking into the future today most hospitals are trying to achieve Magnet status. â€Å" The nation’s Magnet hospitals, which are recognized for nursing excellence and superior patient outcomes, have moved to require all nurse managers and nurse leaders to hold a baccalaureate or graduate degree in nursing by 2013†(Rossester 2012b). One thought to this is to have nurses obtain the most knowledge possible, and the know how to think in critical situations when they arise. One of my patient care situations that I can recall is when I was working on the telemetry floor in our local hospital. I was with a few other nurses, having their associate degree and two with their bachelor degree. Let’s call the ADN nurse A and the BSN nurse B. So, we were all around the nurse’s station waiting to give report to the next shift and one of the nursing assistants came running down the hall saying, one of the patients in room say 420 is not responding when I try to call her name. Nurse A and Nurse B both went into the room and the patient had no pulse and wasn’t breathing. Nurse B immediately started CPR and took charge in calling a Code. The code team arrived at this time. Nurse B asked if Nurse A could take the patient’s blood sugar and hang some fluids and get the patient on the monitor. Nurse A was also well in keeping the family and the people in the hallway calm and relaxed. The patient in the end was transferred to the ICU where they can better care for the patient in this critical situation and the physician was notified. Nurse B was more knowledgeable and had the necessary leadership skills along with the advanced critical thinking skills that this situation required. Nurse A was competent and did what was expected of the skills she had. In conclusion, I believe that having your ADN degrees is a quick way to gain the necessary knowledge and skills to enter into practice and the cost is less. The BSN allows one to prepare for management and leadership decisions. Also allowing for more critical skills and providing better career opportunities along with higher pay. As I reflect back on my education and skills and the future I recommend all nurses should receive their BSN. References http://nursing. adelphi. edu/about/history. php. (n. d. ) Friberg, Creasia (2011). Conceptual Foundations: The Bridge to Professional Nursing Practice [5] (VitalSource Bookshelf), Retrieved August 14, 2012, from http://pageburstsls. elesevier. com/books/978-0-323-06869-7/id/B9780323068697100029_f0010. Rosseter, R. (2012b, April 2). Fact Sheet: Creating a More Highly Qualified Nursing Workforce. American Association of Colleges of Nursing. Retrieved August 14, 2012, from www. aacn. nche. edu/edia-relations/Nursing Workforce. pdf.

Enthalpy & Entropy

Experiment ENTHALPY AND ENTROPY OF ZINC WITH COPPER SULFATE The CCLI Initiative Computers in Chemistry Laboratory Instruction LEARNING OBJECTIVES The learning objectives of this experiment are to. . . ! ! determine changes in enthalpy and entropy of the reaction of zinc with copper sulfate using two methods: electrochemistry and calorimetry. compare the enthalpy values obtained by the two methods. BACKGROUND Thermodynamics is concerned with energy changes that occur in chemical and physical process es. The enthalpy and entropy changes of a system undergoing such processes are interrelated by the change in free energy, ?G, according to the equation ?G = ?H – T ? S (1) This investigation focuses on the reaction Zn(S ) + CuSO4(aq) Y ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(S ) (2) ?G will be calculated from the ? H and ? S values obtained electrochemically. The validity of Equation (1) will be tested by comparing the value of ? H obtained electrochemically with the value of ? H obtained calorimetrically f or the same reaction. The electrochemical method The electrochemical method offers simple and accurate means for the determination of thermodynamic quantities. A simple electrochemical cell is constructed in a Chem-Carrou-Cellâ„ ¢ plate as shown in Figure 1.Cu(S )/CuSO4 (aq) || Zn(S )/ZnSO4(aq) (3) Fi? G ure 1: Set-up for measuring E versus temperature. 1 The CCLI Initiative The overall galvanic cell reaction is Zn(S ) + Cu2+ (aq) Y Zn2+(aq) + Cu(S ) and it is essentially the same as that taking place in the calorimeter. The quantity of the electrical energy, F , produced or consumed during the electrochemical reaction is a constant measured per mole of electrons, and can be accurately measured. The free energy change, ? G , of an electrochemical reaction is related to the voltage, E, of the electrochemical cell by the equation (4) G where and = -nFE n (5) F = the number of moles of electrons transferred in a redox reaction. = Faraday's constant of 96,500 C/mole of electrons . Co mbining equations (1) and (5), and dividing both sides by the constant â€Å"n,† we obtain a linear relationship between the voltage change, ? E, and the enthalpy and entropy changes at different temperatures E = – IH + T ? S nF nF I (6) or E = IS (T) – IH nF (7) nF By measuring the voltage E, of our electrochemical cell, at several temperatures, we can obtain a plot of the voltage versus temperature. Assuming that ? H and ?S remain constant over a small temperature range, we can calculate the ? S and ? H from the slope and the intercept of the straight line respectively slope = IS nF (8) and Y-intercept = – IH nF (9) ?G can now be calculated by means of Equation (1). We can verify its value using Equation (5). Please note that in both cases, ? G must be calculated for the same temperature. If the calculations are done for 298 K (25  °C), we can also verify the experimental value of E ° for this temperature by employing the Nernst equation (7) E = E ° – RT ln [products ] nF [reactants ] 2 (10)The CCLI Initiative where E ° is the standard potential measured at 25  ° C and is 1. 100V for the cell under consideration. When the concentrations of the ZnSO4 and CuSO4 solutions are equal, the log term of the Nernst equation becomes zero. Under these conditions, the standard voltage, E °, of the cell is equal to the measured voltage, E The calorimetric method The ideal calorimeter is a perfectly insulated vessel which contains a large known weight of solution in perfect thermal contact with an accurate thermometer and a small reaction tube (Figure 2).When measured quantities of reactants are introduced into the reaction tube, the heat of reaction changes the temperature of the calorimeter solution. Figure 2. Diagram of Calorimeter The heat of the chemical reaction is given by the equation IH H n K W Ti Tf = (K + W)(Ti – Tf) n (11) is the heat of reaction at constant pressure. is the number of moles of a limiting re actant as expressed in the balanced equation. is the heat capacity of the calorimeter solution. is the heat capacity of the calorimeter. s the initial temperature of the calorimeter solution. is the final temperature of the calorimeter solution. The heat capacity of the calorimeter solution is obtained by multiplying the specific heat of the solution (3. 8 J g-1  °C-1 for CuSO4 ) by the weight of the solution in the calorimeter. W, the estimated cup heat capacity, is 30 J  °C-1 . 3 The CCLI Initiative SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Safety goggles must be worn in the lab at all times. Any skin contacted by chemicals should be washed immediately. BEFORE PERFORMING THIS EXPERIMENT . . . †¦ ou will need a MicroLAB program capable of: Part I – measuring voltages and temperatures and displaying them in the Graphing , Digital Display and Spreadsheet views. Use delta. G . experiment supplied by your instructor. Part II – collecting temperature readings as a function of time and d isplaying them in the Graphing, Digital Display and Spreadsheet views. Use heat of Solution from the Time and Temperature tab in the MicroLAB opening window. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Part I: Electrochemistry 1. Calibrate your Temperature probe at a minimum of three separate temperatures with ice-cold water and hot tap water. . Fill a 600 ml beaker three-quarters full of ice. Fill the rest of the beaker with cold tap water until the beaker is filled to one cm from the top. Stir the ice/water mixture to distribute the ice evenly. 3. Place the beaker on a hot plate — don't turn the heat on yet! Rest the Chem-Carrou-CellTM on top of the beaker so that the bottoms of the wells of the Cell are immersed in the ice/water mixture. Let the set-up stand for 15 minutes until the temperature stabilizes. 4. Pour about 5 ml of 0. 1 M KNO3 into the center well. Pour about 5 ml of 0. 0 M ZnSO4 into well #1 and about 5 ml of 0. 50 M CuSO4 into well #2. 5. With clean tweezers, take a s trip of f ilter paper and dip one end into the central well (where immersion in the KNO3 solution will hold one end); dip the other end into well #1. Repeat this procedure with another strip of filter paper, dipping the other end into well #2. This creates the salt bridge for your galvanic cell. 6. With clean tweezers take a zinc metal strip and sand it (on a piece of paper so as not to scratch the table top) to remove any oxide coating.Bend 2 cm of one end of the ? S trip and immerse it in the ZnSO4 solution (well #1). The rest of the metal strip (3cm) extends out to the edge of the cell and should be bent over the rim. Repeat the same procedure with the copper metal strip and place it in well #2. Later the electrical leads (alligator clips ) from the interface will be attached to the metal strips. 7. Fasten your temperature probe to the ring stand with a clamp and adjust the temperature probe such that its tip can be immersed in the central well (KNO3 solution) of the cell.It is assumed tha t the temperature of the ZnSO4 solution and CuSO4 solution will be very close to the temperature of the KNO3 solution throughout the experiment. 8. Start the computer program to monitor the temperature. 9. Read and record the temperature. Attach the alligator clips to the metal strips and take the voltage reading. If a negative number appears on the screen, reverse the wires. Disconnect the wires immediately after the reading is recorded. 10. Turn the hot plate onto high, Start the MicroLAB program, then the program will pause every five  °C to measure the voltage and temperature.When the Message window â€Å"Attach probes , Press ENTER to take a reading, then detach probes ’’ appears on the screen, connect the voltage leads to the 4 The CCLI Initiative appropriate metal tabs, make sure the voltage is stable, then press ENTER, and disconnect the voltage leads until the next reading is due. Prolonged connection of the wires will cause electric current to flow through the cell. This discharge will result in changes in concentrations of the solutions. Since the measured voltage depends on these concentrations, there will be an error in the voltage readings.Stop the program when the temperature reaches 40  °C. Part II: Calorimetry 1. Weigh a clean, dry 150 ml beaker on the top loading balance, then add 50 ml of 0. 5 M CuSO4 solution. Weigh the beaker a second time to determine the mass of the solution in the calorimeter. Nest the 150 ml beaker inside a 400 and 600 ml beaker, thread the stirring rod and temperature probe through the Styrofoam lid and position the lid on the inner beaker. The temperature probe should be as deep into the solution as possible but without strain. Let the apparatus stand ? so that the components attain the same temperature.Using the top loading balance, tare the plastic weighing boat, then weigh 0. 5 grams of zinc powder into a plastic weighing boat, noting the exact weight in your notes. Start the program and plot te mperature against time for several minutes. Add the zinc powder to the copper solution. Save the boat and any Zn suck to it for weighing at the end of the run. Stir thoroughly and watch the plot of temperature versus time until a well defined cooling trend is established. It is important that a rubber policeman be used continually to ensure that any residue produced (copper coated zinc powder) is broken up.Weigh the weighing boat on the analytical balance and obtain the amount of Zn added by difference, noting the exact weight in your notes. Print the graph of your data. From your plot of temperature vs. time, determine the initial and final temperatures and calculate the heat of reaction per mole of zinc. Compare this value with ? H obtained in Part I. DATA ANALYSIS Part I: Electrochemistry 1. 2. 3. 4. Column B of the spreadsheet displays voltage values of the cell in volts. Column C displays temperature readings in degrees Celsius.Use the Formula tool to convert these temperatures into Kelvin, then â€Å"click-drag † the formula to the D column, then the Y-2 Axis. Using the Analysis functions, construct a linear curve fit through the data. Using the linear curve fit equation, calculate intercept ( 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. IH/n F ). IS from the slope ( IS /n F ) and IH from the Part II: Calorimetry 1. From your plot, determine the temperature of the copper sulphate solution before mixing (Ti) and the maximum temperature of the mixture (Tf). Using Equation (11), determine the enthalpy change, 5 2. IH, per mole of zinc added. The CCLI Initiative 6

Sustainable marketing strategies of Target Corporation Essay Example

Sustainable marketing strategies of Target Corporation Essay Example Sustainable marketing strategies of Target Corporation Essay Sustainable marketing strategies of Target Corporation Essay Essay Topic: The Birth Mark Name Course Instructor Date Sustainable marketing strategies of Target Corporation Target Corporation is a retail company in the USA that offers high quality, trendy merchandise at discounted prices. Target is ranked after Wal-Mart as the second largest retailing company in the United States. The company is also ranked in the Fortune 500 at number 30. The company is based in Minneapolis, Minnesota and has an estimated 1,300 stores across all the 47 states. The corporation was established in 1902 in the town of Minneapolis. Initially it was called the Dayton Dairy Goods Company. However, the first target store was opened in 1962 in Roseville Minnesota. With time, target grew to become one of the largest divisions of Dayton Hudson Corporation. This culminated in to the company being renamed Target Corporation with the ticker symbol TGT on August 2000 (Rowley, 56). The corporation is ranked among the top twenty corporate company’s contribution givers in America. The company recorded an increase in revenue in 2011 to a total of $69,865. Target Corporation operates Super Target and Target.com. Target.com is an online retail store while Supper Target is a store that provides full line grocery sales as an addition to the Target retail stores. Other key business ventures of Target are Target Financial Services that has Target Visa Card and Target Red businesses. The company employs over 300,000 members of staff. The company is known by close to 96 percent of the American population. Target is also engaged in an extensive expansion plan into the region. Through the purchase of leaseholds from Zellers in Canada, it plans to operate between 100 and 150 Canadian stores by 2013. The company is also popular for its effective marketing and advertising strategies (Dayton, 54). It also plays a considerable role in corporate social responsibility. This includes social events and charitable contributions. In addition, the company employs environment friendly approaches in its operation. SWOT Analysis Strengths Brand The target brand is a strong and popular brand across 97% of the American population. Their brand promise states â€Å"Expect More Pay Less.† This brand approach in marketing has helped the company mark considerable growth rates. The brand has also become an icon in the retail sector for cool, hip and stylish. Other private brands by Target include Kool Toyz, Merona, Room Essentials, Truetech, Prospirit, Choxie, Embark and Archer farms. This is essential for a sustainable marking strategy. Market presence Target has over 1,400 stores inclusive of super target stores. These stores are often located close to a mile radius of the competitors. The presence of the stores across the country and into neighboring Canada allows easier outreach to the consumers. The expansion plan is also set to reach more consumers. Design The primary focus for target has been its design approach and strategy. This has made it relatively superior to its competitors. Proper design strategies provide the company with a unique and stylish identity that appeal to consumers. Target has initiated partnerships with leading designers such as Isaac Mizrahi, Sonia Kashuk, Michael Graves and Victoria Hages. Their design and style is based on the latest trends and styles with products that range from home furnishings and fashion. Other unique designs include prescription bottles for â€Å"Clear RX.† Innovation in marketing techniques Target has established effective marketing tactics. Their advertising campaigns also help attract new customers. They conduct continuous television, internet and print advertisements. The company also provides weekly circular ads, seasonal brochures and catalogues. The organization also makes changes and improves on its marketing program. This includes an in-store networked named â€Å"Channel Red† and refining the Target Mail program in order to increase productivity. Weaknesses Litigations The organization has been the victim of various lawsuits. The law suits filed are based on labor, trademark, copyright and personal injuries. Lawsuits generally tarnish the image of an organization to consumers. In 2003, the company was forced to implement training and pay a total of $95000 after the court established that they did not accommodate a disabled employee. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission also accused Target of racial hiring practices. Opportunities Reaching new markets Target is undertaking an effective domestic and regional expansion plan. However, it may benefit from un-entered markets in the US. Extensive penetration in Hawaii and Vermont will increase the overall output. Increase in private label brands Target has numerous private products in the market. Studies reveal that of every five products one is a private label (Brassington, 89). These products account for up to $50 billion of all retail businesses. This offers an opportunity for Target to increase the overall sales. Global expansion Target Corporation already enjoys global popularity because of brand, marketing and advertising. Therefore, expansion of stores in the foreign arena would make it less vulnerable to a decline in the US economy. This will also increase competition with Wal-Mart. Threats Declining US economy The US economy has been on a downturn in recent years. There has been a recession and a credit crisis in 2009. The revenue growth for Target will also be affected. The housing crisis and inflation in utility prices and food leaves the consumers with little disposable income. In addition, the main market is based in the US. Ultimately, the organization cannot fall back on foreign markets. Ultimately, the company will experience lower profits. Competition Target competes at the local, national and international level with other key retail players. In addition, there are internet businesses that sell similar products. Consolidating their marketing presence under this system becomes difficult. Mergers also threaten the stability of Target. For instance, Sears and K-Mart have merged to reach a larger consumer base. Foreign retailers also create a threat towards Target’s Market share. The four Ps of marketing Organization should ensure their service or product appropriately reach the target market. This can be done with the 4Ps of marketing Product This refers to how the service or product looks and functions in order to meet the requirements of the target market. This takes into consideration branding, product information and packaging. Price This refers to the cost of the commodity or service to the consumer. The price should therefore fit and suit the capabilities of the target market (Hiam, 79). Placement This refers to the availability of the product. This should consider accessibility, type of outlet such as stores and pharmacies and operating hours of the outlets. Promotion This is the method used in communications and advertising in order to encourage consumers to use the service or merchandise. Channels used must reach the target audience. Some of the major channels used are television, internet, newspapers and brochures. Marketing mix Products Target has numerous labels such as Target.com, Target and Super target. They offer various products in Home accessories Furniture Baby equipment Electronics Outdoor sports equipment Men, women, children and baby fashion items and accessories Gifts and gift cards Automotive accessories Office and school supplies Consumables and food items Some of the major services offered include Pharmaceutical services Health clinics Food avenue outlets or restaurants Target Baby Registry Portrait studios Target lists on-line and store The target product mix is inclusive of their private label brands such as Embark, Kool Toyz, Market pantry and many more. Target also sells merchandise under brands that are licensed such as Chefmate, Fieldcrest, and C9 by champion and others. The company has a distribution network but also uses third parties like selected food items. The orders for Target.com are also filled by the corporate distribution network, shipped from vendors or third parties. Target provides services for merchandise from online and stores. The company also entered the generic drug market to provide pharmacy patrons to purchase particular generic drugs at $4 dollars. Target has gift registries for potential purchasers. Target gift cards are among the most popular gift ideas for the organization and are advertised frequently. In the year 2006, target gained over $1.5 billion form gift transactions. The company should effectively use its private labels for major product marketing. Price The company offers discounted prices for quality goods and services. Pricing is done after analyzing the price of their competitors. Weekly sales and clearance items are some of the attractions for Target consumers. The annual offers are also essential towards maintaining and attracting new consumers. Prices should reduce considerably in order to reach to the overall American population. Distribution Target has 5 import warehouses, over 26 regional distribution centers and a single Target.com distribution center. Target.com merchandise is shipped directly to customers through the distribution center or via USPS and Fed Ex. It has standard shipping options, 1-day and 2-day shipment options. Consumers acquire products directly from Target stores. This system ensures that the product that reaches the consumer is of high quality and suits their specification. Promotion Target spends over $1.8 million towards advertising. This is inclusive of newspaper circulars, TV commercials, brochures and internet advertisements. They post weekly ads on the internet and distribute weekly circulars to 50 million households. Target invests heavily in newspaper advertisement. However, newspaper usage is declining and the company should extensively use the internet as an avenue (Blythe, 56). More customers will be reached via the internet particularly the young population. Parameters for Sustainable Marketing Metrics Marketers use metrics as a medium of understanding their target market. These metrics include Return on investment Targets Leads Return on investment The primary goal of marketing matrices is to achieve an accurate measure of Return on Marketing Investment (ROI) or program effectiveness. This can be useful for Target Corporation in order to ensure the organization is spending more on profitable revenues (Kerin, 97). This can be applied on the concept of newspaper advertising where the company invests heavily despite the decline in newspaper usage. Targets This takes into account any person across the globe that receives the marking methodologies. When this is applied to the Target brand, it is resourceful towards tracking the number of individuals receiving the advertisement. This can also be applied towards the people receiving internet advertisements from target in order to formulate an effective internet marketing strategy. Leads This refers to the prospects of having a particular likelihood that a qualified market is suitable for a particular product and is likely to use the solution through a specific timeframe. Target marketing can use this to reach out to the male market. This is because majority of its customers are female. Some companies use the BANT criteria. The source for the leads and those that produce the highest profitability in revenues for Target should also be analyzed. Social Media Marketing for Sustainability Social media use has been on the increase in recent years. Companies have also realized the importance of marketing in this new frontier. Businesses are also marking great results from social media marketing. Some of the main marketing strategies include Using various means to attract customers and compress the sales cycles (Chaffey, 56). This is done through homage to compelling reportage where organizations hire experienced writers, filmmakers and reporters to tell a complex story about the organization. Creating brand awareness, priority and preference using decision makers and key social figures. This is done through building bold alliances and collaborating with NGOs and charities in support of similar goals and raising awareness. Monitoring and analyzing the level of competition with other corporate organizations. This is also done to ensure the organization is ahead. This is done through creation of a social media sustainability vehicle. Sustainability Audit Sustainability audits refer to a review of company programs and emphasizes on market based solutions for environmental problems. Target Corporation has been among the organizations that employ green solutions towards their business activities. It agreed to reduce the sale of harmful materials that contain PVCs. These chemicals have adverse effects on the environment. The marketing and other strategies have also integrated environment friendly approaches. In the year 20007, Target initiated a 13-page report for current and future plans towards being more earth friendly. Though the organization has undertaken major efforts towards sustainability, more efforts should be undertaken to protect the environment. Recommendations for the Target brand The organization should undertake a more effective marketing strategy through the internet. The internet is labeled as one of the major marketing frontiers (Hanson, 98). Therefore using social media sites and blogs will create a bigger market reach for Target. This advertisement process should be on a regular basis. The company should also diversify to the global market. Emerging markets such as China, India and Brazil offer a key investment destination for the organization. This will also cushion the company from the effects of the economic crisis that may occur in America. The organization should also have a direct mailing strategy. This should have coupon, incentives and other attractive offers in order for more people to shop at Target and Target.com. This will help attract and sustain more customers. Report findings Target Corporation has established an extensive marketing strategy for all its brands. The organization also allocates a considerable level of finances on marketing and marketing strategies. It has also made use of the conventional methods of advertising such as newspapers, mail and television. However, it has not yet established itself in internet marketing. The organization also needs to reach out to the male population in order to strengthen the market share. Carryout advertisements that appeal more to men will be beneficial for increasing the total male consumers. Work cited Blythe, Jim. Key Concepts in Marketing: Marketing. Los Angeles, Calif: SAGE, 2009. Print. Brassington, Frances, and Stephen Pettit. Principles of Marketing. Harlow, England: Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2009. Print. Chaffey, Dave. Internet Marketing: Strategy, Implementation and Practice. Harlow: Prentice Hall Financial Times, 2011. Print. Dayton, Bruce B, and Ellen B. Green. â€Å"The Birth of Target.† Hennepin History. 71.2 (2012). Print. Hanson, Ward A, and Kirthi Kalyanam. Principles of Internet Marketing. Mason, Ohio: South-Western, 2004. Print. Hiam, Alexander, and Linda G. Rastelli. Marketing. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2007. Print. Kerin, Roger A. Marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2006. Print. Rowley, Laura. On Target: How the World’s Hottest Retailer Hit a Bullseye. Hoboken, N.J: J. Wiley, 2003. Print.

Role of Kapos in Nazi Concentration Camps

Role of Kapos in Nazi Concentration Camps Kapos, called Funktionshftling by the SS, were prisoners who collaborated with the Nazis to serve in leadership or administrative roles over others interned in the same Nazi concentration camp. How Nazis Used Kapos The vast system of Nazi concentration camps in occupied Europe was under the control of the SS (Schutzstaffel). While there were many SS who staffed the camps, their ranks were supplemented with local auxiliary troops and prisoners. Prisoners that were chosen to be in these higher positions served in the role of Kapos. The origin of the term â€Å"Kapo† is not definitive.  Some historians believe it was directly transferred from the Italian word â€Å"capo† for â€Å"boss,† while others point to more indirect roots in both German and French.  In the Nazi concentration camps, the term Kapo was first used at Dachau from which it spread to the other camps. Regardless of the origin, Kapos played a vital role in the Nazi camp system as a large number of prisoners within the system required constant oversight.  Most Kapos were put in charge of a prisoner work gang, called Kommando. It was the Kapos job to brutally force prisoners to do forced labor, despite the prisoners being sick and starving. Facing prisoner against prisoner served two goals for the SS: it allowed them to meet a labor need while simultaneously furthering tensions between various groups of prisoners. Cruelty Kapos were, in many instances, even crueler than the SS themselves.  Because their tenuous position depended on the satisfaction of the SS, many Kapos took extreme measures against their fellow prisoners to maintain their privileged positions. Pulling most Kapos from the pool of prisoners interned for violent criminal behavior also allowed this cruelty to flourish.  While there were Kapos whose original internment was for asocial, political, or racial purposes (such as Jews), the vast majority of Kapos were criminal internees. Survivor memoirs and recollections relate varying experiences with Kapos.  A select few, such as Primo Levi  and Victor Frankl, credit a certain Kapo with ensuring their survival or helping them get slightly better treatment; while others, such as Elie Wiesel, share a far more common experience of cruelty.   Early in Wiesel’s camp experience at Auschwitz, he encounters, Idek, a cruel Kapo. Wiesel relates in Night: One day when Idek was venting his fury, I happened to cross his path. He threw himself on me like a wild beast, beating me in the chest, on my head, throwing me to the ground and picking me up again, crushing me with ever more violent blows, until I was covered in blood. As I bit my lips in order not to howl with pain, he must have mistaken my silence for defiance and so he continued to hit me harder and harder.  Abruptly, he calmed down and sent me back to work as if nothing had happened. In his book,  Mans Search for Meaning,  Frankl also tells of a Kapo known simply as The Murderous Capo. Kapos Had Privileges The privileges of being a Kapo varied from camp to camp but almost always resulted in better living conditions and a reduction in physical labor.   In the larger camps, such as Auschwitz, Kapos received separate rooms within the communal barracks, which they would often share with a self-selected assistant.   Kapos also received better clothing, better rations, and the ability to supervise labor rather than actively participate in it.  Kapos were sometimes able to use their positions to also procure special items within the camp system such as cigarettes, special foods, and alcohol.   A prisoner’s ability to please the Kapo or establish a rare rapport with him/her could, in many instances, meant the difference between life and death. Levels of Kapos In the larger camps, there were several different levels within the â€Å"Kapo† designation.  Some of the titles deemed as Kapos included: Lagerltester (camp leader): Within the various sections of large camps such as Auschwitz-Birkenau, the Lagerltester oversaw the entire section and served largely in administrative roles.  This was the highest of all prisoner positions and came with the most privileges.Blockltester (block leader): A position that was common in most camps, the Blockltester was responsible for the administration and discipline of an entire barracks.  This position customarily afforded its holder with a private room (or one shared with an assistant) and better rations.Stubenlteste (section leader): Oversaw portions of large barracks such as those in Auschwitz I and reported to the Blockltester about specific needs related to the barrack’s prisoners. At Liberation At the time of liberation, some Kapos were beaten and killed by the fellow prisoners that they had spent months or years tormenting, but in most cases, Kapos moved on with their lives in a similar fashion to other victims of Nazi persecution.   A few found themselves on trial in post-war West Germany as part of the U.S. military trials held there, but this was the exception, not the norm.  In one of the Auschwitz trials of the 1960s, two Kapos were found guilty of murder and cruelty and sentenced to life in prison. Others were tried in East Germany and Poland but without much success.  The only known court-sanctioned executions of Kapos occurred in immediate post-war trials in Poland, where five of seven men convicted for their roles as Kapos had their death sentences carried out. Ultimately, historians and psychiatrists are still exploring the role of Kapos as more information becomes available through recently released archives from the East. Their role as prisoner functionaries within the Nazi concentration camp system was vital to its success but this role, like many in the Third Reich, is not without its complexities.   Kapos are viewed as both opportunists and survivalists, and their complete history may never be known.

Drug Dealing and Money Laundering Forensic Accountant Admissibility Essay - 8

Drug Dealing and Money Laundering Forensic Accountant Admissibility - Essay Example The case R v Ferguson; R v Sadler, R v Cox of the three police officers Cox, Sadler, and Ferguson is one such case. Being in the drug squad, have made it easy for these officers to illegally sell drugs through street dealers who they have caught on the pretext that they were carrying out strategic investigations. In reality, the squad members were benefitting from the drug dealers through cash income, and the only way to justify their benefits was to check on their accounts. This was why the expertise of a forensic accountant, Curtin was necessary. Although evidence of assumed expert opinions is not admissible in a court of law, in this case, the Court made an exception to accountant Curtins opinions based on the logic that if a person's financial statements were to be produced in court then an expert in the area must be produced to analyze it. However, the expert, the forensic accountant, should merely explain the evidence (which the jury could have interpreted themselves had they the training to do so) but should not influence the jury of its contents. This was why the accountant's evidence became admissible. The court of appeal also allowed the evidence admissible if Curtin explained the process of arriving at the conclusions. Curtin has used standard accountants methodology as set by the Statement of Forensic Accounting Standards - APS 11. This Standard provides clear guidelines to its members how to seek and utilize financial data and present it incomprehensible manner. Two of the important requirements is that the accountant can only make assumptions about the past or future events or amounts in the absence of the amount. His assumptions should be reasonable under circumstances, and they were suitably qualified and disclosed.

Global Business Environment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Business Environment - Case Study Example P&G started as a small soap and candle company started by William Proctor and James Gamble in the year 1837 in the Cincinnati United States now has 138,000 employees working in over 80 countries worldwide. The company’s products and services are available to consumers over 180 countries. The company maintains one of the strongest and largest portfolios of trusted brands.  The company markets nearly 300 well-known brands in consumer goods and more than 50 percent of its revenues are derived from foreign countries. Being the market leader in the FMCG market P&G has proved to be one of the aggressive marketers and the largest advertiser in the world. Extensive market research and the novel brand-management system are the unique strengths of the company (Proctor & Gamble).  The success of P&G largely depended on its business technique called ‘brand management’ which implied that the company will focus its attention on a product rather than on a business function. The technique involves a decentralized decision making. The company began its global expansion during the early 1990s when the top management felt the need for streamlining the brand management system. For carrying out a planned expansion the company established a ‘Global Strategic Planning Group’ consisting of 3-20 individuals for each of the product categories. This group was made responsible for developing policies covering global and local brands. The group was also empowered to make decisions concerning ‘brand strategy’ which needs to be standardized across the world markets. It also involved customizing the products according to local markets and customer requirements.  While developing the branding strategies was made the responsibility of the Global Strategic Planning Group the implementation of the strategies was entrusted to the ‘Global Category Team’. The Global Category Team is headed by an executive vice president who handles eac h of the product categories.